Recent advances in luminescence and aptamer sensors based analytical determination, adsorptive removal, degradation of the tetracycline antibiotics, an overview and outlook.

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs), one of the important antibiotic groups, have been widely used in human and veterinary medicines. Their residues in foodstuff, soil and sewage have caused serious threats to food safety, ecological environment and human health. Here, we reviewed the potential harms of TCs residues to foodstuff, environment and human beings, discussed the luminescence and aptamer sensors based analytical determination, adsorptive removal, and degradation strategies of TCs residues from a recent 5-year period.

Non-aggregation based label free colorimetric sensor for the detection of Cu2+ based on catalyzing etching of gold nanorods by dissolve oxygen.

A label-free non-aggregation colorimetric sensor has been designed for the detection of Cu(2+), based on Cu(2+) catalyzing etching of gold nanorods (AuNRs) along longitudinal axis induced by dissolve oxygen in the presence of S2O3(2-), which caused the aspect ratio (length/width) of AuNRs to decrease and the color of the solution to distinctly change. The linear range and the detection limit (LD, calculated by 10 Sb/k, n=11) of this sensor were 0.080-4.

Ultra-sensitive non-aggregation colorimetric sensor for detection of iron based on the signal amplification effect of Fe3+ catalyzing H2O2 oxidize gold nanorods.

Fe(3+) can catalyze H2O2 to oxidize along on the longitudinal axis of gold nanorods (AuNRs), which caused the aspect ratio of AuNRs to decrease, longitudinal plasmon absorption band (LPAB) of AuNRs to blueshift (Δλ) and the color of the solution to change obviously. Thus, a rapid response and highly sensitive non-aggregation colorimetric sensor for the determination of Fe(3+) has been developed based on the signal amplification effect of catalyzing H2O2 to oxidize AuNRs. This simple and selective sensor with a wide linear range of 0.

Fullerol-fluorescein isothiocyanate-concanavalin agglutinin phosphorescent sensor for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein and forecast of human diseases.

Based on the reaction of the active -OH group in fullerol (F) with the dissociated -COOH group in fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to form an F-FITC and the enhanced effect of N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA) on phosphorescence signal of F-FITC, a new phosphorescent labeling reagent (DMA-F-FITC) was developed. What's more, a phosphorescent sensor for the determination of alpha-fetoprotein variant (AFP-V) has been designed via the coupling technique of the high sensitivity for affinity adsorption-solid substrate-room temperature phosphorimetry (AA-SS-RTP) with the strong specificity reaction between DMA-F-FITC-Con A and AFP-V. The DMA-F-FITC increased the number of luminescent molecules in the biological target which improved the sensitivity of phosphorescent sensor.

Ultra-sensitive complex as phosphorescence probe for the determination of trace protein.

β-CD-HMTA-L-Tyr complex, formed in the host guest inclusion reaction carried out between host molecule β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in β-CD-HMTA (HMTA is methenamine) and guest molecule L-tryptophan (L-Tyr), possessing the characteristic of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) reacted with L-Tyr to form a complex of cage structure bringing in the sharply RTP signal quenching of L-Tyr. Based on the above facts, a new ultra-sensitive solid substrate room temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) for the determination of trace protein has been established using β-CD-HMTA-L-Tyr complex as a phosphorescence probe.

Zr(H2O)2EDTA modulated luminescent carbon dots as fluorescent probes for fluoride detection.

A novel fluorescent probe (Zr(CDs-COO)(2)EDTA) has been designed for fluoride ion (F(-)) content detection based on the competitive ligand reactions carried out between the carboxylate groups (-COOH) on the surface of the luminescent carbon dots (CDs) and F(-) coordinated to Zr(H(2)O)(2)EDTA. The strong and stable fluorescence signal of this probe was quenched upon the addition of F(-) as a result of the formation of the non-fluorescent complex Zr(F)(2)EDTA, due to the stronger affinity of F(-) than the -COOH in the CDs to Zr(IV). The fluorescence change (ΔF) in this process was linear with respect to the content of F(-), ranging from 0.

Selective determination of cysteine using BSA-stabilized gold nanoclusters with red emission.

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were synthesized by a macromolecules template using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as stabilizer which can emit red photoluminescence under illumination of ultraviolet light. The fluorescence intensity of AuNCs enhanced through decreasing the surface defects of AuNCs modified with cysteine, herein we present a novel fluorometry for determination of trace cysteine. This method with a wider linear range from 2.

Catalytic solid substrate-room temperature phosphorimetry for the determination of residual perphenazine based on the electronic effect of rhodamine 6G.

The rhodamine 6G(+) -perphenazine (Rhod 6G(+) -PPH) compound is formed in the ester-exchange reaction between -OH of PPH and -COOC2 H5 of Rhod 6G(+) . PPH was oxidized to a red compound (PPH') in the presence of K2 S2 O8 . Interestingly, the room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of Rhod 6G(+) was quenched because the -OH of PPH' reacted with -COOC2 H5 of Rhod 6G(+) -PPH to form Rhod 6G(+) -PPH' and PPH, which decreased the π-electron density (δ) of the carbon atom in the Rhod 6G(+) -PPH' conjugated system and enhanced the nonradiation energy loss of the excited Rhod 6G(+) of the triplet state.

CdS/TiO2-fluorescein isothiocyanate nanoparticles as fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe for the determination of trace alkaline phosphatase based on affinity adsorption assay.

The CdS/TiO(2)-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) luminescent nanoparticles (CdS/TiO(2)-FITC) with the particle size of 20 nm have been synthesized by sol-gel method. CdS/TiO(2)-FITC could emit the fluorescence of both FITC and CdS/TiO(2). The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurred between the donor CdS/TiO(2) and the acceptor FITC in the CdS/TiO(2)-FITC.

A specific Tween-80-Rhodamine S-MWNTs phosphorescent reagent for the detection of trace calcitonin.

The present study proposed a simple sensitive and specific immunoassay for the quantification of calcitonin (CT) in human serum with water-soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The COOH group of MWNTs could react with the NH group of rhodamine S (Rhod.S) molecules to form Rhod.

Determination of trace human chorionic gonadotropin by using multiwall carbon nanotubes as phosphorescence labeling reagent.

Taking advantage of the cutting effect of the strong oxidation of benzoyl peroxide [(C(6)H(5)CO)(2)O(2)] on the end of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to obtain water-soluble multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs') and the spiking effect of polyacrylamide (PA) on the room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of MWNTs', a new phosphorescent labeling reagent, MWNTs'-PA, has been developed in this study. The product β-Ab(HCG)-MWNTs'-PA obtained by MWNTs'-PA labeling human chorionic gonadotropin-β-subunit three-dimensional core monoclonal antibody (β-Ab(HCG)) not only could maintain good RTP characteristics of MWNTs' but also could take specific immunoreaction with β-HCG to form β-HCG- β-Ab(HCG)-MWNTs'-PA, resulting in the increase of MWNTs' RTP signal. Thus, a new solid substrate room temperature phosphorescence immunoassay (SSRTPIA) for the determination of β-HCG has been established.

Coupling technique of self-ordered ring and phosphorimetry for the determination of alkaline phosphatase and diseases prediction.

Rhodamine S could emit strong and stable room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) on polyamide membrane (PAM) in the presence of heavy atom perturber Pb(2+). When Rhodamine S-piperidine solution was dropped on PAM, the red (Rhod.S)(n)-P-SOR (Rhod.

Catalytic solid substrate room temperature phosphorimetry for the determination of trace rhamnose based on its condensation reaction with calcein.

Calcein (R) could not only emit strong and stable room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) on filter paper using I(-) as perturber, but also could be oxidized by H(2)O(2) to form a non-phosphorescence compound (R'), resulting in the quenching of RTP signal of R. Moreover, the ortho-hydrogen of phenolic hydroxyl in R took condensation reaction with rhamnose (Rha) to produce non-phosphorescence compound (R-Rha) causing the RTP signal of R to further quench, and R-Rha was oxidized by H(2)O(2) to form R' and Rha, bringing about the sharp RTP signal quenching of R. Thus, a new solid substrate room temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) for the determination of trace Rha based on its strong catalytic effect on H(2)O(2) oxidizing R has been established, with the detection limit (LD) of 7.

A promising CdSe@CdS-quantum dots-cysteine for the determination of trace IgE by solid substrate room temperature phosphorescence immunoassay.

The labelling reagent CdSe@CdS-QDs-Cys (QDs-Cys) with the grain diameter of 4.5 nm was synthesized by modifying CdSe@CdS quantum dots (QDs) with cysteine (Cys). At the same time, QDs-Cys-Ab(IgE), a phosphorescent quantum dot probe, was developed based on the labelling reaction between -COOH of QDs-Cys and -NH(2) of goat anti human IgE antibody (Ab(IgE)).