Features of chronic allograft rejection on rat small intestine transplantation.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of chronic rejection of the entire small intestine transplantation and to analyze the features of chronic rejection. Allogenic small bowel transplantation was performed in a rat combination of Lewis to F344. Intestines were procured at the 60th and the 90th day after operation.

Continuous locked suture technique for arterial anastomosis in rat small bowel transplantation.

Continuous locked suture technique in arterial anastomosis was used in a rat heterotopic small bowel transplantation model. Blood loss, time consumption and success rate of the technique, as well as long-term blood flow and histological changes of arterial anastomosis and intestinal graft were compared with the traditional simple continuous suture technique. The results showed that the time consumption was similar between the two techniques while the continuous locked suture technique had a higher success rate (P = 0.

[Endoscopic transnasal approach in surgical treatment of ethmoid sphenoid diseases].

Objective: To study the surgical experience of endoscopic sinus surgery for the patients with sphenoid sinus disease.

Method: Twenty-one patients of sphenoid sinus diseases were treated with endoscopy by nasal cavity and sphenoid sinus.

Result: During 3 months to four years following up, 20 patients were free from disease postoperatively, 1 patient underwent reoperation because of recurrence.

High-density linkage mapping revealed suppression of recombination at the sex determination locus in papaya.

A high-density genetic map of papaya (Carica papaya L.) was constructed using 54 F(2) plants derived from cultivars Kapoho and SunUp with 1501 markers, including 1498 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, the papaya ringspot virus coat protein marker, morphological sex type, and fruit flesh color. These markers were mapped into 12 linkage groups at a LOD score of 5.

A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution.

Many diverse systems for sex determination have evolved in plants and animals. One involves physically distinct (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes (X and Y, or Z and W) that are homozygous in one sex (usually female) and heterozygous in the other (usually male). Sex chromosome evolution is thought to involve suppression of recombination around the sex determination genes, rendering permanently heterozygous a chromosomal region that may then accumulate deleterious recessive mutations by Muller's ratchet, and fix deleterious mutations by hitchhiking as nearby favourable mutations are selected on the Y chromosome.