ISCEV and IPS guideline for the full-field stimulus test (FST).

The full-field stimulus test (FST) is a psychophysical technique designed for the measurement of visual function in low vision. The method involves the use of a ganzfeld stimulator, as used in routine full-field electroretinography, to deliver full-field flashes of light. This guideline was developed jointly by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) and Imaging and Perimetry Society (IPS) in order to provide technical information, promote consistency of testing and reporting, and encourage convergence of methods for FST.

Contrast Sensitivity of ON and OFF Human Retinal Pathways in Myopia.

The human visual cortex processes light and dark stimuli with ON and OFF pathways that are differently modulated by luminance contrast. We have previously demonstrated that ON cortical pathways have higher contrast sensitivity than OFF cortical pathways and the difference increases with luminance range (defined as the maximum minus minimum luminance in the scene). Here, we demonstrate that these ON-OFF cortical differences are already present in the human retina and that retinal responses measured with electroretinography are more affected by reductions in luminance range than cortical responses measured with electroencephalography.

Neuronal mechanisms underlying differences in spatial resolution between darks and lights in human vision.

Artists and astronomers noticed centuries ago that humans perceive dark features in an image differently from light ones; however, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these dark/light asymmetries remained unknown. Based on computational modeling of neuronal responses, we have previously proposed that such perceptual dark/light asymmetries originate from a luminance/response saturation within the ON retinal pathway. Consistent with this prediction, here we show that stimulus conditions that increase ON luminance/response saturation (e.

Contrast sensitivity perimetry data from adults free of eye disease.

This data article contains data referenced in "Individual Differences in the Shape of the Nasal Visual Field" [1]. The data were gathered from volunteers free of eye disease ages 21-85 who were tested with Contrast Sensitivity Perimetry (CSP), which uses a stimulus resistant to effects of defocus and reduced retinal illumination. Some subjects were tested only once or a few times, and others were part of a longitudinal cohort with as many as 10 tests.

Individual differences in the shape of the nasal visual field.

Between-subject differences in the shape of the nasal visual field were assessed for 103 volunteers 21-85years of age and free of visual disorder. Perimetry was conducted with a stimulus for which contrast sensitivity is minimally affected by peripheral defocus and decreased retinal illumination. One eye each was tested for 103 volunteers free of eye disease in a multi-center prospective longitudinal study.

Effect of Age and Glaucoma on the Detection of Darks and Lights.

Purpose: We have shown previously that normal observers detect dark targets faster and more accurately than light targets, when presented in noisy backgrounds. We investigated how these differences in detection time and accuracy are affected by age and ganglion cell pathology associated with glaucoma.

Methods: We asked 21 glaucoma patients, 21 age-similar controls, and 5 young control observers to report as fast as possible the number of 1 to 3 light or dark targets.

Choice of Stimulus Range and Size Can Reduce Test-Retest Variability in Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects.

Purpose: To develop guidelines for engineering perimetric stimuli to reduce test-retest variability in glaucomatous defects.

Methods: Perimetric testing was performed on one eye for 62 patients with glaucoma and 41 age-similar controls on size III and frequency-doubling perimetry and three custom tests with Gaussian blob and Gabor sinusoid stimuli. Stimulus range was controlled by values for ceiling (maximum sensitivity) and floor (minimum sensitivity).

Contrast sensitivity perimetry and clinical measures of glaucomatous damage.

Purpose: To compare conventional structural and functional measures of glaucomatous damage with a new functional measure-contrast sensitivity perimetry (CSP-2).

Methods: One eye each was tested for 51 patients with glaucoma and 62 age-similar control subjects using CSP-2, size III 24-2 conventional automated perimetry (CAP), 24-2 frequency-doubling perimetry (FDP), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. For superior temporal (ST) and inferior temporal (IT) optic disc sectors, defect depth was computed as amount below mean normal, in log units.

Assessing spatial and temporal properties of perimetric stimuli for resistance to clinical variations in retinal illumination.

Purpose: To develop perimetric stimuli for which sensitivities are more resistant to reduced retinal illumination than current clinical perimeters.

Methods: Fifty-four people free of eye disease were dilated and tested monocularly. For each test, retinal illumination was attenuated with neutral density (ND) filters, and a standard adaptation model was fit to derive mean and SEM for the adaptation parameter (NDhalf).

Blur-resistant perimetric stimuli.

Purpose: To develop perimetric stimuli that are resistant to the effects of peripheral defocus.

Methods: One eye each was tested on subjects free of eye disease. Experiment 1 assessed spatial frequency, testing 12 subjects at eccentricities from 2 to 7 degrees using blur levels from 0 to 3 diopters (D) for two (Gabor) stimuli (spatial SD, 0.

Structure and function in patients with glaucomatous defects near fixation.

Purpose: To assess relations between perimetric sensitivity and neuroretinal rim area using high-resolution perimetric mapping in patients with glaucomatous defects within 10° of fixation.

Methods: One eye was tested in each of 31 patients with open-angle glaucoma enrolled in a prospective study of perimetric defects within 10° of fixation. Norms were derived from 110 control subjects free of eye disease, aged 21 to 81 years.

Web-based training on weapons of mass destruction response for emergency medical services personnel.

Objective: To develop, implement, and assess a web-based simulation training program for emergency medical services (EMS) personnel on recognition and treatment of ocular injuries resulting from weapons of mass destruction (WMD) attacks.

Design: The training program consisted of six modules: WMD knowledge and event detection, ocular anatomy, ocular first aid (ie, flushing, cupping, and patching), and three WMD simulations (ie, sarin gas release, anthrax release, and radioactive dispersal device). Pretest, post-test, and 1-month follow-up test and a program evaluation were used to measure knowledge gain and retention and to assess the effectiveness of the program.

Rapid pupil-based assessment of glaucomatous damage.

Purpose: To investigate the ability of a technique employing pupillometry and functionally-shaped stimuli to assess loss of visual function due to glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Methods: Pairs of large stimuli, mirror images about the horizontal meridian, were displayed alternately in the upper and lower visual field. Pupil diameter was recorded and analyzed in terms of the "contrast balance" (relative sensitivity to the upper and lower stimuli), and the pupil constriction amplitude to upper and lower stimuli separately.

Assessment of contrast gain signature in inferred magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in patients with glaucoma.

Purpose: Contrast gain signatures of inferred magnocellular and parvocellular postreceptoral pathways were assessed for patients with glaucoma using a contrast discrimination paradigm developed by Pokorny and Smith. The potential causes for changes in contrast gain signature were investigated using model simulations of ganglion cell contrast responses.

Methods: Foveal contrast discrimination thresholds were measured with a pedestal-Delta-pedestal paradigm developed by Pokorny and Smith [Pokorny, J.

Development and evaluation of a contrast sensitivity perimetry test for patients with glaucoma.

Purpose: To design a contrast sensitivity perimetry (CSP) protocol that decreases variability in glaucomatous defects while maintaining good sensitivity to glaucomatous loss.

Methods: Twenty patients with glaucoma and 20 control subjects were tested with a CSP protocol implemented on a monitor-based testing station. In the protocol 26 locations were tested over the central visual field with Gabor patches with a peak spatial frequency of 0.

Variability of visual field measurements is correlated with the gradient of visual sensitivity.

Conventional static automated perimetry provides important clinical information, but its utility is limited by considerable test-retest variability. Fixational eye movements during testing could contribute to variability. To assess this possibility, it is important to know how much sensitivity change would be caused by a given eye movement.

Evaluation of a two-stage neural model of glaucomatous defect: an approach to reduce test-retest variability.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to model perimetric defect and variability and identify stimulus conditions that can reduce variability while retaining good ability to detect glaucomatous defects.

Methods: The two-stage neural model of Swanson et al. was extended to explore relations among perimetric defect, response variability, and heterogeneous glaucomatous ganglion cell damage.

Linearity can account for the similarity among conventional, frequency-doubling, and gabor-based perimetric tests in the glaucomatous macula.

Purposes: The purposes of this study are to compare macular perimetric sensitivities for conventional size III, frequency-doubling, and Gabor stimuli in terms of Weber contrast and to provide a theoretical interpretation of the results.

Methods: Twenty-two patients with glaucoma performed four perimetric tests: a conventional Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA) 10-2 test with Goldmann size III stimuli, two frequency-doubling tests (FDT 10-2, FDT Macula) with counterphase-modulated grating stimuli, and a laboratory-designed test with Gabor stimuli. Perimetric sensitivities were converted to the reciprocal of Weber contrast and sensitivities from different tests were compared using the Bland-Altman method.

Quantifying effects of retinal illuminance on frequency doubling perimetry.

Purpose: To measure and quantify effects of variation in retinal illuminance on frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry.

Methods: A Zeiss-Humphrey/Welch Allyn FDT perimeter was used with the threshold N-30 strategy. Study 1, quantifying adaptation: 11 eyes of 11 subjects (24-46 years old) were tested with natural pupils, and then retested after stable pupillary dilation with neutral density filters of 0.

Abnormal gait in neurologic disease.

For most people, walking is an automatic, unconscious activity, characteristic of each individual. Patterns of gait can be reflective of a person's body structure, occupation, and personality, as well as health status. Most parents who watch an infant beginning to walk realize that locomotion is a highly complex, learned process.

Bone scintigraphy: a review of the procedure and its applications.

Bone scintigraphy (bone scanning) is a sensitive diagnostic tool used to detect the presence and extent of primary and secondary bone disease. Unlike X-rays, MRI, and CT scans, which focus primarily on structural anatomy, bone scans depict the dynamic physiologic response of bone to an insult. We review bone scanning principles, their indication in eye care, and demonstrations of their use in eye involvement from both primary and metastatic bone disease.