The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review.

The purpose of this study was to summarize the effects of physical activity and exercise on peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy humans. Experimental and observational studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and SPORT Discus. A total of 32 articles met the inclusion criteria.

Acute peripheral tissue effects of ghrelin on interstitial levels of glucose, glycerol, and lactate: a microdialysis study in healthy human subjects.

Ghrelin is a gut-derived peptide and an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor. Intravenous infusion of ghrelin induces insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and increases circulating levels of nonesterified free fatty acids. Our objective was to investigate whether the metabolic effects are mediated directly by ghrelin in skeletal muscle and adipose (peripheral and central) tissues.

Associations between objectively measured physical activity intensity in childhood and measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease in adolescence: prospective observations from the European Youth Heart Study.

Background And Aim: No prospective studies have investigated the association between physical activity (PA) and carotid subclinical cardiovascular disease across childhood. Therefore, the primary aim was to investigate the association between PA intensity across childhood and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and stiffness in adolescence. Second, we included a clustered cardiovascular disease risk score as outcome.

Direct effects of locally administered lipopolysaccharide on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in the placebo-controlled, bilaterally infused human leg.

Context: Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) may create a constant low-grade inflammation, leading to insulin resistance and diabetes. All previous human studies assessing the metabolic actions of LPS have used systemic administration, making discrimination between direct and indirect effects impossible.

Objective: We sought to define the direct, placebo-controlled effects of LPS on insulin resistance and protein and lipid metabolism in the infused human leg without systemic interference from cytokines and stress hormones.

Muscle strength in youth and cardiovascular risk in young adulthood (the European Youth Heart Study).

Background: Whether muscle strength in youth is related to cardiovascular risk later in life independent of cardiorespiratory fitness is unclear.

Methods: We examined the independent association of isometric muscle strength in youth with cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood using data from the Danish European Youth Heart Study; a population-based prospective cohort study among boys and girls (n=332) followed for up to 12 years. In youth maximal voluntary contractions during isometric back extension and abdominal flexion were determined using a strain-gauge dynamometer and cardiorespiratory fitness was obtained from a maximal cycle ergometer test.

The intensity of physical activity influences bone mineral accrual in childhood: the childhood health, activity and motor performance school (the CHAMPS) study, Denmark.

Background: Studies indicate genetic and lifestyle factors can contribute to optimal bone development. In particular, the intensity level of physical activity may have an impact on bone health. This study aims to assess the relationship between physical activity at different intensities and Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Bone Area (BA) accretion.

Effect of acute hyperglycemia on left ventricular contractile function in diabetic patients with and without heart failure: two randomized cross-over studies.

Background: It is unknown whether changes in circulating glucose levels due to short-term insulin discontinuation affect left ventricular contractile function in type 2 diabetic patients with (T2D-HF) and without (T2D-nonHF) heart failure.

Materials And Methods: In two randomized cross-over-designed trials, 18 insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients with (Ejection Fraction (EF) 36 ± 6%, n = 10) (trial 2) and without systolic heart failure (EF 60 ± 3%, n = 8) (trial 1) were subjected to hyper- and normoglycemia for 9-12 hours on two different occasions. Advanced echocardiography, bicycle exercise tests and 6-minute hall walk distance were applied.

Sedentary time in children: influence of accelerometer processing on health relations.

Purpose: Accelerometry is increasingly being used to assess sedentary time in epidemiological studies, yet the most appropriate means of processing these data remains uncertain. This cross-sectional study examined the influence of selected accelerometer cut points and nonwear criteria on associations of sedentary time with adiposity and clustered metabolic risk.

Methods: Data were from the European Youth Heart Study, which included assessment of sedentary time by accelerometer.

High-dose resveratrol supplementation in obese men: an investigator-initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of substrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition.

Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects.

Effects of liraglutide on neurodegeneration, blood flow and cognition in Alzheimer´s disease - protocol for a controlled, randomized double-blinded trial.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (DM-2) increases the risk of developing Alzheimer´s disease (AD), and patients with AD are more likely to develop DM-2. DM-2 and AD share some pathophysiological features. In AD, amyloid-β (Aβ) is accumulated as extracellular plaques in the gray matter of the brain, while in DM-2 islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is accumulated in the pancreas.

The impact of calcineurin inhibitors on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion: a randomized crossover trial in uraemic patients.

Aims: The calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus are implicated in post-transplant complications such as new-onset diabetes after transplantation. The relative contribution of each calcineurin inhibitor to new-onset diabetes after transplantation remains unclear. We sought to compare the impact of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on glucose metabolism in humans.

Mechanical and free living comparisons of four generations of the Actigraph activity monitor.

Background: More studies include multiple generations of the Actigraph activity monitor. So far no studies have compared the output including the newest generation and investigated the impact on the output of the activity monitor when enabling the low frequency extension (LFE) option. The aims were to study the responses of four generations (AM7164, GT1M, GT3X and GT3X+) of the Actigraph activity monitor in a mechanical setup and a free living environment with and without enabling the LFE option.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 decreases intracerebral glucose content by activating hexokinase and changing glucose clearance during hyperglycemia.

Type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia with the resulting increase of glucose concentrations in the brain impair the outcome of ischemic stroke, and may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reports indicate that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) may be neuroprotective in models of AD and stroke: Although the mechanism is unclear, glucose homeostasis appears to be important. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study in nine healthy males.

Study protocol. The Childhood Health, Activity, and Motor Performance School Study Denmark (The CHAMPS-study DK).

Background: An increasingly passive life-style in the Western World has led to a rise in life-style related disorders. This is a major concern for all segments of society. The county council of the municipality of Svendborg in Denmark, created six Sport Schools with increased levels of suitable physical activities, which made it possible to study the health outcomes in these children whilst comparing them to children who attended the 'normal' schools of the region using the design of a "natural experiment".

Youth screen-time behaviour is associated with cardiovascular risk in young adulthood: the European Youth Heart Study.

Aims: We prospectively examined the association of TV viewing, computer use, and total screen time in adolescence, and change in these behaviours, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in young adulthood.

Methods And Results: This was a prospective cohort study among Danish men and women (n = 435) followed for up to 12 years. Adiposity, blood pressure (BP), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose, insulin, and self-reported TV viewing and computer use were obtained in adolescence and in young adulthood.

Compensatory mutations in agrC partly restore fitness in vitro to peptide deformylase inhibitor-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Objectives: To determine how the fitness cost of deformylase inhibitor resistance conferred by fmt mutations can be genetically compensated.

Methods: Resistant mutants were isolated and characterized with regard to their growth rates in vitro and in neutropenic mice, MIC and DNA sequence. Faster-growing compensated mutants were isolated by serial passage in culture medium, and for a subset of the resistant and compensated mutants whole-genome sequencing was performed.

Exenatide alters myocardial glucose transport and uptake depending on insulin resistance and increases myocardial blood flow in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Context: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1 receptor agonists provide beneficial cardiovascular effects by protecting against ischemia and reperfusion injury. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have reduced glycolysis in the heart.

Objective: We hypothesized that cardioprotection by GLP-1 is achieved through increased glucose availability and utilization and aimed to assess the effect of exenatide, a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist, on myocardial glucose uptake (MGU), myocardial glucose transport, and myocardial blood flow (MBF).

Reduced mRNA and protein expression of perilipin A and G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) in human adipose tissue in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.

Context: Increased lipolysis and free fatty acid (FFA) levels contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of chronic and acute insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain.

Objective: Our objective was to test whether increased lipolysis and FFA levels induced by insulin withdrawal are accompanied by increased adipose tissue (AT) contents of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and/or altered intracellular ATGL regulation.

Design And Participants: Nine patients with type 2 diabetes were examined twice in a randomized crossover design after 16 h of 1) hyperglycemia/insulin withdrawal and 2) euglycemia/insulin infusion.

A suggestion of reference data for flow distribution at ankle and foot level using quantitative 99Tc-HDP three-phase bone scintigraphy.

Aim: To determine reference intervals for quantitative 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (99mTc-HDP) three-phase bone scintigraphy regarding flow distribution at ankle and mid-foot level.

Materials And Methods: Fifty patients referred to bone scintigraphy without known or suspected pathology in the legs or hips were included. Quantitative three-phase bone scintigraphy was performed in all patients.

Metabolic effects of short-term GLP-1 treatment in insulin resistant heart failure patients.

We studied the metabolic effects of 48-h GLP-1 treatment in insulin resistant heart failure patients.In a randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded cross-over study, 11 non-diabetic HF patients with IHD received 48-h GLP-1 and placebo-infusion. We applied OGTT, hyperinsulinemic clamp, indirect calorimetry, forearm, and tracer methods.

Evaluation of functional erythropoietin receptor status in skeletal muscle in vivo: acute and prolonged studies in healthy human subjects.

Background: Erythropoietin receptors have been identified in human skeletal muscle tissue, but downstream signal transduction has not been investigated. We therefore studied in vivo effects of systemic erythropoietin exposure in human skeletal muscle.

Methodology/principal Findings: The protocols involved 1) acute effects of a single bolus injection of erythropoietin followed by consecutive muscle biopsies for 1-10 hours, and 2) a separate study with prolonged administration for 16 days with biopsies obtained before and after.

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces wasting and improves outcome in a rat model of cancer cachexia.

Cachexia is a common co-morbidity in cancer occurring in up to 80% of patients depending on the type of cancer. Uric acid (UA), the end-product of the purine metabolism, is elevated in cachexia due to tissue wasting and upregulated xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. High serum UA levels indicate increased XO-dependent production of oxygen free radicals (reactive oxygen species; ROS) and correlate with metabolic illness and poor survival.

Erythropoietin administration acutely stimulates resting energy expenditure in healthy young men.

Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) improves insulin sensitivity in patients with end-stage renal disease, and animal studies indicate that Epo increases fat oxidation. However, the metabolic effects of rHuEpo have never been experimentally studied in healthy humans. The aim was to investigate the effects of an acute rHuEpo bolus on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy young men.