Male and female rats show opiate withdrawal-induced place aversion and extinction in a Y-maze paradigm.

Gender differences have been observed in the vulnerability to drug abuse and in the different stages of the addictive process. In opiate dependence, differences between sexes have been shown in humans and laboratory animals in various phases of opiate addiction, especially in withdrawal-associated negative affective states. Using a Y-maze conditioned place aversion paradigm, we investigated potential sex differences in the expression and extinction of the aversive memory of precipitated opiate withdrawal state in morphine-dependent rats.

Waning humoral immunity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort and the benefits of a vaccine booster dose.

Objectives: We aimed to assess SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibody kinetics postvaccination and the benefit of a mRNA vaccine booster dose in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs.

Methods: Consecutive RA patients on immunosuppressive therapies, with no known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or high-risk contact, vaccinated with 2 doses SARS-CoV-2 mRNA, BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, or viral vectored ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine were recruited during their routine rheumatology consultation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike-specific antibodies were quantified at 1, 3 and 6 months respectively following the second vaccine dose.

Sequential development of ANCA-associated vasculitis and anti-GBM disease: A report of two cases.

In case of AAV with kidney involvement, physicians should explore anti-GBM antibodies and be aware of the possible sequential development of AAV, especially with MPO-ANCA, and anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. This sequential disease history is associated with a poor renal outcome, highlighting the need for urgent diagnosis and management.

Fractal structures and silica films formed by the Treignac water on inert and biological surfaces.

The Treignac water is a natural mineral water containing mainly orthosilicic acid. On inert substrates, it forms a silica film with fractal structures which cannot be reproduced in laboratory-reconstituted water. These structures form by condensation of orthosilicic acid monomers, following the Witten-Sander model of diffusion-limited aggregation.

Use of a Pleurotus ostreatus Complex Cell Wall Extract as Elicitor of Plant Defenses: From Greenhouse to Field Trial.

Fungi constitute an abundant source of natural polysaccharides, some of them harboring original structures which can induce responses in mammalian or plant cells. An alkaline extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus has been obtained and called Pleuran complex cell wall extract (CCWE). It consists of a glucan-peptide complex whose components fall in a quite broad range of molecular weights, from 30 to 80 kDa.

Arc reactivity in accumbens nucleus, amygdala and hippocampus differentiates cue over context responses during reactivation of opiate withdrawal memory.

Opiate withdrawal induces an early aversive state which can be associated to contexts and/or cues, and re-exposure to either these contexts or cues may participate in craving and relapse. Nucleus accumbens (NAC), hippocampus (HPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) are crucial substrates for acute opiate withdrawal, and for withdrawal memory retrieval. Also HPC and BLA interacting with the NAC are suggested to respectively mediate the processing of context and cue representations of drug-related memories.

Unlimited sucrose consumption during adolescence generates a depressive-like phenotype in adulthood.

Depression is highly prevalent worldwide, but its etiology is not fully understood. An overlooked possible contributor to the epidemic of depression is feeding styles, particularly at early age when the brain is intensely changing. We have previously reported that unlimited sucrose consumption during adolescence leads to enduring changes in brain reward function.

Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2-deficiency eliminates social behaviour deficits and vulnerability induced by cocaine.

Background And Purpose: Poor social behaviour and vulnerability to stress are major clinical features of stimulant use disorders. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system mediates stress responses and might underlie substance use disorders; however, its involvement in social impairment induced by stimulant substances remains unknown. CRF signalling is mediated by two receptor types, CRF and CRF .

Novel Hybrid Prins/Aza-Prins Oxocarbenium/N-Acyliminium Cascade: Expedient Access to Complex Indolizidines.

Heavy silyl enol ethers (mostly TIPS and TBS) combine with cyclic N-alkenyl N-acyliminium salts generated in situ from their N,O-acetal precursors, to furnish highly functionalized indolizidines through an unprecedented double Mukaiyama-Mannich-Prins cascade transformation. This novel cascade annulation process demonstrates a promising scope, and takes place mostly catalytically with interesting stereocontrol. Furthermore, an appealing facet of this chemistry is emphasized with a bicatalytic approach by which the Mannich-Prins cascade follows a Ru-catalyzed N-allylamide to N-(E)-propenyl isomerization of the aminal counterpart in a one-pot operation.

Inter-individual differences in decision-making, flexible and goal-directed behaviors: novel insights within the prefronto-striatal networks.

Inflexible behavior is a hallmark of several decision-making-related disorders such as ADHD and addiction. As in humans, a subset of healthy rats makes poor decisions and prefers immediate larger rewards despite suffering large losses in a rat gambling task (RGT). They also display a combination of traits reminiscent of addiction, notably inflexible behavior and perseverative responses.

Memories of Opiate Withdrawal Emotional States Correlate with Specific Gamma Oscillations in the Nucleus Accumbens.

Affective memories associated with the negative emotional state experienced during opiate withdrawal are central in maintaining drug taking, seeking, and relapse. Nucleus accumbens (NAC) is a key structure for both acute withdrawal and withdrawal memories reactivation, but the NAC neuron coding properties underpinning the expression of these memories remain largely unknown. Here we aimed at deciphering the role of NAC neurons in the encoding and retrieval of opiate withdrawal memory.

Subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation modulates neuronal reactivity to cocaine within the reward circuit.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a critical component of a complex network controlling motor, associative and limbic functions. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the STN is an effective therapy for motor symptoms in Parkinsonian patients and can also reduce their treatment-induced addictive behaviors. Preclinical studies have shown that STN HFS decreases motivation for cocaine while increasing that for food, highlighting its influence on rewarding and motivational circuits.

Prefronto-subcortical imbalance characterizes poor decision-making: neurochemical and neural functional evidences in rats.

A major challenge of decision-making research in recent years has been to develop models of poor decision-making to identify its neural bases. Toward this goal, we developed a Rat Gambling Task that discerns good and poor decision-makers in a complex and conflicting situation such as the human Iowa Gambling Task. Nothing is known about the role of the monoaminergic modulatory systems in shaping these phenotypes.

CRF₂ receptor-deficiency reduces recognition memory deficits and vulnerability to stress induced by cocaine withdrawal.

Psychostimulant drug abuse, dependence and withdrawal are associated with cognitive dysfunction and impact stress-sensitive systems. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system orchestrates stress responses via CRF1 and CRF2 receptors and is implicated in substance use disorders. However, CRF2 role in psychostimulant drug-induced cognitive dysfunction remains to be elucidated.

Genomic and metabolic preparation of muscle in sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka for spawning migration.

Prolonged endurance exercise and fasting are two major metabolic challenges facing Pacific salmon during spawning migrations that often occur over 1,000 km. Because both prolonged exercise and fasting stimulate the oxidation of lipids, particularly in heavily recruited tissues such as muscle, we sought to investigate the regulatory mechanisms that establish and maintain the capacity for substrate oxidation at four separate locations during the final 750 km of nonfeeding migration in sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Transcript levels of multiple genes encoding for important regulators of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein oxidation as well as the activity of several important enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were examined in red and white muscle.

Opiate dependence induces network state shifts in the limbic system.

Among current theories of addiction, hedonic homeostasis dysregulation predicts that the brain reward systems, particularly the mesolimbic dopamine system, switch from a physiological state to a new "set point." In opiate addiction, evidence show that the dopamine system principal targets, prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC) and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) also adapt to repeated drug stimulation. Here we investigated the impact of chronic morphine on the dynamics of the network of these three interconnected structures.

Role of 5-HT2C receptors in the enhancement of c-Fos expression induced by a 5-HT2B/2C inverse agonist and 5-HT 2 agonists in the rat basal ganglia.

Some non-selective serotonin2C (5-HT2C) agonists or inverse agonists enhance the product of the proto-oncogene c-Fos within the basal ganglia, a group of brain regions involved in motor behavior and in the ability of these drugs to promote abnormal movements. The role of 5-HT2C receptors in these effects is unclear. The 5-HT2C antagonist SB243,213 (1 mg/kg), which enhanced Fos per se in the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) only, was used to study the implication of 5-HT2C receptors.

Diverse effects of 5-HT2C receptor blocking agents on c-Fos expression in the rat basal ganglia.

Serotonin(2C) receptors (5-HT(2)C) exert continuous control on the activity of specific populations of neurons in the basal ganglia. While antagonists block the effect of endogenous 5-HT at 5-HT(2C) receptors, the actions of inverse agonists may also involve interruption of activity at constitutively active populations of 5-HT(2C) receptors. We have evaluated the regional impact of these controls by studying, in rats, the expression of the product of the proto-oncogene c-Fos in rat basal ganglia after peripheral doses of the 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB 243213 (5-methyl-1-[[2-[(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxy]-5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindoline) and the 5-HT(2B/2C) inverse agonists SB 206553 (5-methyl-1-(3-pyridylcarbamoyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,3-f]indole.

Evolution of the dynamic properties of the cortex-basal ganglia network after dopaminergic depletion in rats.

It is well established that parkinsonian syndrome is associated with alterations of neuronal activity temporal pattern basal ganglia (BG). An increase in synchronized oscillations has been observed in different BG nuclei in Parkinson's disease patients as well as animal models such as 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. We recently demonstrated that this increase in oscillatory synchronization is present during high-voltage spindles (HVS) probably underpinned by the disorganization of cortex-BG interactions.

The synergy of working memory and inhibitory control: behavioral, pharmacological and neural functional evidences.

Concomitant deficits in working memory and behavioral inhibition in several psychiatric disorders like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, addiction or mania, suggest that common brain mechanisms may underlie their etiologies. Based on the theoretical assumption that a continuum exists between health and mental disorders, we explored the relationship between working memory and inhibition in healthy individuals, through spontaneous inter individual differences in behavior, and tested the hypothesis of a functional link through the fronto-striatal dopaminergic system. Rats were classified into three groups, showing good, intermediate and poor working memory and were compared for their inhibitory abilities.

CRF2 receptor-deficiency eliminates opiate withdrawal distress without impairing stress coping.

The opiate withdrawal syndrome is a severe stressor that powerfully triggers addictive drug intake. However, no treatment yet exists that effectively relieves opiate withdrawal distress and spares stress-coping abilities. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system mediates the stress response, but its role in opiate withdrawal distress and bodily strategies aimed to cope with is unknown.

Remodeling of the neuronal circuits underlying opiate-withdrawal memories following remote retrieval.

Several types of memory display time-dependent reorganization of their underlying neural substrates, but it remains unclear whether affective memories associated with drug effects also follow similar reorganization. Here, we analyzed the neural circuits reactivated by the re-exposure of former dependent rats to the withdrawal-paired environment 1month after conditioning (remote memory) as compared with recent memory (Frenois, F., Stinus, L.

Changes in HIF-1α protein, pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation, and activity with exercise in acute and chronic hypoxia.

Exercise under acute hypoxia elicits a large increase in blood lactate concentration ([La](b)) compared with normoxic exercise. However, several studies in humans show that with the transition to chronic hypoxia, exercise [La](b) returns to normoxic levels. Although extensively examined over the last decades, the muscle-specific mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain unknown.