The Role of Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Therapeutic Potential.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a significant clinical burden globally and is predicted to continue to increase in incidence for the foreseeable future. The treatment of HCC is complicated by the fact that, in the majority of cases, it develops on a background of advanced chronic inflammatory liver disease. Chronic inflammation can foster an immunosuppressive microenvironment that promotes tumour progression and metastasis.

Protocol to study monocyte transmigration across primary human liver endothelial cells under physiological shear flow conditions in vitro.

Modeling immune cell recruitment by liver endothelial cells in vitro is important to better understand the pathology of chronic inflammatory liver diseases and cancers. Here, we present a protocol for the study of monocyte transmigration across activated primary human liver endothelial cells, under physiological flow conditions. We describe primary endothelial cell isolation from human liver tissues and monocyte isolation from human blood.

Morphologies of tungsten nanotendrils grown under helium exposure.

Nanotendril "fuzz" will grow under He bombardment under tokamak-relevant conditions on tungsten plasma-facing materials in a magnetic fusion energy device. We have grown tungsten nanotendrils at low (50 eV) and high (12 keV) He bombardment energy, in the range 900-1000 °C, and characterized them using electron microscopy. Low energy tendrils are finer (~22 nm diameter) than high-energy tendrils (~176 nm diameter), and low-energy tendrils have a smoother surface than high-energy tendrils.

Ion source issues for the DAEδALUS neutrino experiment.

The DAEδALUS experiment calls for 10 mA of protons at 800 MeV on a neutrino-producing target. To achieve this record-setting current from a cyclotron system, H2 (+) ions will be accelerated. Loosely bound vibrationally excited H2 (+) ions inevitably produced in conventional ion sources will be Lorentz stripped at the highest energies.

Hot water from cold. The dissociative recombination of water cluster ions.

Dissociative recombination of the Zundel cation D(5)O(2)(+) almost exclusively produces D + 2 D(2)O with a maximum kinetic energy release of 5.1 eV. An imaging technique is used to investigate the distribution of the available reaction energy among these products.

Three-body breakup in the dissociative recombination of the covalent triatomic molecular ion O3+.

We report the first observation of almost exclusive three-body breakup in the dissociative recombination of a covalent triatomic molecular ion O3+. The three-body channel, constituting about 94% of the total reactivity, has been investigated in detail. The atomic fragments are formed in only the first two electronic states, 3P and 1D, while formation in the 1S state has not been observed.

Investigating the breakup dynamics of dihydrogen sulfide ions recombining with electrons.

This paper presents results concerning measurements of the dissociative recombination (DR) of dihydrogen sulfide ions. In combination with the ion storage ring CRYRING an imaging technique was used to investigate the breakup dynamics of the three-body channel in the DR of 32SD2(+). The two energetically available product channels S(3P) + 2D(2S) and S(1D) + 2D(2S) were both populated, with a branching fraction of the ground-state channel of 0.

Observation of trielectronic recombination in Be-like Cl ions.

Recombination involving the core excitation of two electrons, which may be termed trielectronic recombination, has been experimentally identified for the first time. Using Cl13+ ions circulating in the TSR heavy-ion storage ring, we have observed surprisingly strong low-energy trielectronic recombination resonances, comparable to the dielectronic process. At higher electron-ion collision energies, trielectronic recombination is suppressed due to the autoionization of the triply excited intermediate state into excited final states.

Experimental link of photoionization of Sc2+ to photorecombination of Sc3+: an application of detailed balance in a unique atomic system.

The principle of microscopic time reversal of physical processes, detailed balance, is widely used and depended upon in the theoretical community as a connection between photorecombination (PR) and photoionization (PI). This paper reports on a novel use of detailed balance and the comparison of experimental results obtained by two very distinct techniques to determine both the metastable fraction of an ion beam and partial Sc3+ PR cross sections and partial Sc2+ PI cross sections for the ground state and for two metastable states. The Sc2+ to Sc3+ system presents a unique opportunity to obtain comprehensive state-selective information by combining results from PR and PI experiments.