Io's tidal response precludes a shallow magma ocean.

Io experiences tidal deformation as a result of its eccentric orbit around Jupiter, which provides a primary energy source for Io's continuing volcanic activity and infrared emission. The amount of tidal energy dissipated within Io is enormous and has been suggested to support the large-scale melting of its interior and the formation of a global subsurface magma ocean. If Io has a shallow global magma ocean, its tidal deformation would be much larger than in the case of a more rigid, mostly solid interior.

Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON).

The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon.

Endometrial Cancer in a Family With RAD51D Gene Mutation.

RAD51 complex plays an important role in homologous recombination deficiency and germline mutations have a well-documented association with breast and tubo-ovarian carcinoma, as well as serous-type endometrial carcinoma. We report a family of French Canadian ancestry with a germline mutation in RAD51D and two sisters presenting with endometrial carcinoma, endometrioid-type. The risk factors for endometrial adenocarcinoma, endometrioid-type are discussed in the context of the RAD51-associated carcinomas described to date.

Investigating Europa's Habitability with the Europa Clipper.

The habitability of Europa is a property within a system, which is driven by a multitude of physical and chemical processes and is defined by many interdependent parameters, so that its full characterization requires collaborative investigation. To explore Europa as an integrated system to yield a complete picture of its habitability, the Europa Clipper mission has three primary science objectives: (1) characterize the ice shell and ocean including their heterogeneity, properties, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange; (2) characterize Europa's composition including any non-ice materials on the surface and in the atmosphere, and any carbon-containing compounds; and (3) characterize Europa's geology including surface features and localities of high science interest. The mission will also address several cross-cutting science topics including the search for any current or recent activity in the form of thermal anomalies and plumes, performing geodetic and radiation measurements, and assessing high-resolution, co-located observations at select sites to provide reconnaissance for a potential future landed mission.

LAparoscopic Versus Abdominal hysterectomy (LAVA): protocol of a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: There is uncertainty about the advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic hysterectomy compared with abdominal hysterectomy, particularly the relative rate of complications of the two procedures. While uptake of laparoscopic hysterectomy has been slow, the situation is changing with greater familiarity, better training, better equipment and increased proficiency in the technique. Thus, a large, robust, multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) is needed to compare contemporary laparoscopic hysterectomy with abdominal hysterectomy to determine the safest and most cost-effective technique.

Exploring the Interior of Europa with the Europa Clipper.

The Galileo mission to Jupiter revealed that Europa is an ocean world. The Galileo magnetometer experiment in particular provided strong evidence for a salty subsurface ocean beneath the ice shell, likely in contact with the rocky core. Within the ice shell and ocean, a number of tectonic and geodynamic processes may operate today or have operated at some point in the past, including solid ice convection, diapirism, subsumption, and interstitial lake formation.

Uterine artery embolisation versus myomectomy for premenopausal women with uterine fibroids wishing to avoid hysterectomy: the FEMME RCT.

Background: Uterine fibroids are the most common tumour in women of reproductive age and are associated with heavy menstrual bleeding, abdominal discomfort, subfertility and reduced quality of life. For women wishing to retain their uterus and who do not respond to medical treatment, myomectomy and uterine artery embolisation are therapeutic options.

Objectives: We examined the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of uterine artery embolisation compared with myomectomy in the treatment of symptomatic fibroids.

Large-scale cryovolcanic resurfacing on Pluto.

The New Horizons spacecraft returned images and compositional data showing that terrains on Pluto span a variety of ages, ranging from relatively ancient, heavily cratered areas to very young surfaces with few-to-no impact craters. One of the regions with very few impact craters is dominated by enormous rises with hummocky flanks. Similar features do not exist anywhere else in the imaged solar system.

Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma in a Risk-reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy Specimen From a RAD51D Mutation Carrier: A Case Report.

The RAD51D gene codes a protein-paralog of the RAD51 DNA recombinase, which catalyzes DNA strand exchange during homologous recombination. Similar to BRCA1 / BRCA2 , mutations in RAD51D both predispose to ovarian carcinoma and impart sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in preclinical studies. Based on cancer risk prediction models, RAD51D mutations pose a moderate-to-high risk for ovarian cancer warranting consideration for risk-reducing surgery.

The risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with the Ashkenazi Jewish founder allele BRCA2 6174delT.

Approximately 1% of the Ashkenazi Jewish population carries the BRCA2 6174delT (c.5946del) pathogenic variant. It is important to have accurate knowledge of the risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with this specific variant so that women may be counseled accordingly.

Uterine artery embolization or myomectomy for women with uterine fibroids: Four-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.

Objective: To examine the quality of life experienced by women with symptomatic uterine fibroids who had been treated with UAE in comparison to myomectomy. We report the four-year follow-up of the FEMME randomised trial. Two-year follow-up data has been previously reported.

Investigation of discordant sibling pairs from hereditary breast cancer families and analysis of a rare PMS1 variant.

Background: It is likely that additional genes for hereditary breast cancer can be identified using a discordant sib pair design. Using this design we identified individuals harboring a rare PMS1 c.605G>A variant previously predicted to result in loss of function.

Telephone versus in-person genetic counseling for hereditary cancer risk: Patient predictors of differential outcomes.

Purpose: Telegenetics has become the predominant mode of cancer genetic counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to identify potential patient-level contraindicators for telegenetic genetic counseling.

Methods: We analyzed post-counseling (pre-result disclosure) follow-up data from a randomized noninferiority trial of a telephone genetic counseling versus usual care genetic counseling.

An evaluation of memory and attention in BRCA mutation carriers using an online cognitive assessment tool.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of various surgical, hormonal, and lifestyle factors on memory and attention in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

Methods: BRCA mutation carriers enrolled in a longitudinal study were invited to complete an online brain health assessment tool designed to screen for cognitive deficits. Four measures of memory and executive attention were assessed individually, and an overall score was compiled adjusting for age.

Uterine artery embolisation or myomectomy for women with uterine fibroids wishing to avoid hysterectomy: a cost-utility analysis of the FEMME trial.

Objectives: To assess the cost-effectiveness of uterine artery embolisation (UAE) and myomectomy for women with symptomatic uterine fibroids wishing to avoid hysterectomy.

Design: Economic evaluation alongside the FEMME randomised controlled trial.

Setting: 29 UK hospitals.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(8;16)(p11.2;p13.3)/ KAT6A-CREBBP in a Patient with an NF1 Germline Mutation and Clinical Presentation Mimicking Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;16)(p11.2;p13.3)/KAT6A-CREBBP is an uncommon subtype of AML accounting for less than 0.

Risk for breast cancer and management of unaffected individuals with non-BRCA hereditary breast cancer.

About 5%-10% of breast cancer is hereditary with BRCA1 and BRCA2 being the most common genes associated with hereditary breast cancer (HBC). Several additional genes have recently been associated with HBC. These genes can be classified as highly or moderately penetrant genes with lifetime risk >30% or 17%-30%, respectively.

Uterine-Artery Embolization or Myomectomy for Uterine Fibroids.

Background: Uterine fibroids, the most common type of tumor among women of reproductive age, are associated with heavy menstrual bleeding, abdominal discomfort, subfertility, and a reduced quality of life. For women who wish to preserve their uterus and who have not had a response to medical treatment, myomectomy and uterine-artery embolization are therapeutic options.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial to evaluate myomectomy, as compared with uterine-artery embolization, in women who had symptomatic uterine fibroids and did not want to undergo hysterectomy.

The solar nebula origin of (486958) Arrokoth, a primordial contact binary in the Kuiper Belt.

The New Horizons spacecraft's encounter with the cold classical Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU) revealed a contact-binary planetesimal. We investigated how Arrokoth formed and found that it is the product of a gentle, low-speed merger in the early Solar System. Its two lenticular lobes suggest low-velocity accumulation of numerous smaller planetesimals within a gravitationally collapsing cloud of solid particles.

The geology and geophysics of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth.

The Cold Classical Kuiper Belt, a class of small bodies in undisturbed orbits beyond Neptune, is composed of primitive objects preserving information about Solar System formation. In January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew past one of these objects, the 36-kilometer-long contact binary (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU). Images from the flyby show that Arrokoth has no detectable rings, and no satellites (larger than 180 meters in diameter) within a radius of 8000 kilometers.

Color, composition, and thermal environment of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth.

The outer Solar System object (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU) has been largely undisturbed since its formation. We studied its surface composition using data collected by the New Horizons spacecraft. Methanol ice is present along with organic material, which may have formed through irradiation of simple molecules.

Detection of ammonia on Pluto's surface in a region of geologically recent tectonism.

We report the detection of ammonia (NH) on Pluto's surface in spectral images obtained with the New Horizons spacecraft that show absorption bands at 1.65 and 2.2 μm.

Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU, a small Kuiper Belt object.

The Kuiper Belt is a distant region of the outer Solar System. On 1 January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew close to (486958) 2014 MU, a cold classical Kuiper Belt object approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. Such objects have never been substantially heated by the Sun and are therefore well preserved since their formation.