Driver domains in persistent atrial fibrillation.

Background: Specific noninvasive signal processing was applied to identify drivers in distinct categories of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods And Results: In 103 consecutive patients with persistent AF, accurate biatrial geometry relative to an array of 252 body surface electrodes was obtained from a noncontrast computed tomography scan. The reconstructed unipolar AF electrograms acquired at bedside from multiple windows (duration, 9±1 s) were signal processed to identify the drivers (focal or reentrant activity) and their cumulative density map.