Plasma estrogen levels, estrogen receptor gene variation, and ischemic arterial disease in postmenopausal women: the three-city prospective cohort study.

Background: In older postmenopausal women, high levels of endogenous estrogen have been related to adverse health outcomes including ischemic arterial disease (IAD). Whether estrogen receptor-α (ESR1) and -β (ESR2) polymorphisms modulate the effects of estrogens on IAD has not been investigated.

Methods: In the Three-City prospective cohort study among subjects older than 65 years, we used a case-cohort design in which plasma levels of total and bioavailable 17β-estradiol were measured.

High plasma estradiol interacts with diabetes on risk of dementia in older postmenopausal women.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the impact of endogenous estradiol (E2) on dementia and to evaluate the contribution of vascular risk factors and inflammatory and blood coagulation markers to this association.

Methods: Using data from a French population-based prospective study (the Three-City Study) including 5,644 postmenopausal women aged 65 years or older, we investigated the association of endogenous total-E2 and bioavailable-E2 and total-testosterone with the 4-year incidence of all-cause dementia. We further focused on the role of dementia and cardiovascular risk factors as well as inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) and hypercoagulability (fibrin d-dimers, thrombin generation) in these associations.