Determination of the general public exposure around GSM and UMTS base stations.

This paper summarises two studies, in which measurement and calculation methods to determine the exposure of the general public around GSM and UMTS base stations have been developed and applied to different scenarios. The electromagnetic field variations around the stations in space and time are accounted for by appropriate maximisation techniques. Measurements show a bandwidth of exposures from 0.

Exposure of the general public to digital broadcast transmitters compared to analogue ones.

The terrestrial digital video and audio broadcast are supposed to replace the existing analogue broadcast systems. To determine possible changes of this switchover on the public exposure situation to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, extensive measurements at more than 300 identical points were performed 'before' and accordingly 'after' the switchover. At the point with the highest sum-exposure, only 0.

[Value of intraoperative cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy].

By introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, an increase of accidental common bile duct injuries up to 1.2% has been reported. In the present study of 325 cholecystectomies we evaluated whether mandatory intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) can reduce the rate of accidental bile duct injuries or, at least, identify them early in order to make an adequate repair possible.