Adjusting for Glycemic Control in Assessing the Relationship Between Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose Studies regarding the relationship between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) conflict: while some support that AMD is protective against DR, others find the opposite. The mechanism by which AMD may protect against DR is unclear. We sought to assess the association between AMD and DR when controlling for glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type II.

The Analysis of ECE1 and PPARG Variants in the Development of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women.

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial systemic skeletal disease that is characterized by a low bone mineral density (BMD) and the microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility. The search for new genes that may play an important role in the regulation of bone mass and the development of osteoporosis is ongoing. Recently, it was found that altering the activity of the endothelin-1-converting enzyme encoded by the gene may affect bone mineral density (BMD).

Osteoprotegerin Gene as a Biomarker in the Development of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women.

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial and polygenic disease caused by an imbalance between osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, leading to a decrease in bone mineral density and the occurrence of disorders in the microarchitecture and metabolism of bone tissue. In postmenopausal women, there is a significant decrease in the production of estrogens, which play a key role in maintaining proper bone mineral density. Estrogens have an inhibitory effect on the development and activity of osteoclasts by reducing the synthesis of pro-resorption cytokines and stimulating the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG).

Corrected QT interval in electrocardiogram recordings in patients treated with calcium channel blockers.

Introduction: One of the most popular tests of the heart is the electrocardiogram (ECG). The physical basis of this study has been known for over 200 years. However, the way an ECG is performed and the interpretation of the obtained results have undergone considerable evolution over time.

A case of facultative ophthalmomyiasis externa due to Calliphoridae and review of the literature.

Purpose: To describe a case of bilateral facultative ophthalmomyiasis externa due to Calliphoridae in a 30-year-old male assault victim at a suburban hospital in New York and review the relevant literature.

Observations: An adult male was found to have maggot infestation of both eyes and severe secondary injury to the left cornea and ocular surface. He was treated with manual larvae removal, oral ivermectin, broad spectrum IV antibiotics, and topical antibiotics.