Establishment of closed 35S ribosomal RNA gene chromatin in stationary Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.

As a first step in eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis RNA polymerase (Pol) I synthesizes a large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor from multicopy rRNA gene loci. This process is essential for cellular growth and regulated in response to the cell's physiological state. rRNA gene transcription is downregulated upon growth to stationary phase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Immune responses and clinical outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with liver disease and liver transplant recipients.

Background & Aims: Comparative assessments of immunogenicity following different COVID-19 vaccines in patients with distinct liver diseases are lacking. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell and antibody responses were evaluated longitudinally after one to three vaccine doses, with long-term follow-up for COVID-19-related clinical outcomes.

Methods: A total of 849 participants (355 with cirrhosis, 74 with autoimmune hepatitis [AIH], 36 with vascular liver disease [VLD], 257 liver transplant recipients [LTRs] and 127 healthy controls [HCs]) were recruited from four countries.

N-nitrosamine Mitigation with Nitrite Scavengers in Oral Pharmaceutical Drug Products.

N-nitrosamines are likely human carcinogens. After N-nitrosamine contaminants were detected in pharmaceutical products in 2018, regulatory authorities set a framework for the risk assessment, testing and mitigation of N-nitrosamines in drug products. One strategy to inhibit the formation of N-nitrosamines during the manufacture and storage of drug products involves the incorporation of nitrite scavengers in the formulation.

In-depth virological and immunological characterization of HIV-1 cure after CCR5Δ32/Δ32 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Despite scientific evidence originating from two patients published to date that CCR5Δ32/Δ32 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the knowledge of immunological and virological correlates of cure is limited. Here we characterize a case of long-term HIV-1 remission of a 53-year-old male who was carefully monitored for more than 9 years after allogeneic CCR5Δ32/Δ32 HSCT performed for acute myeloid leukemia. Despite sporadic traces of HIV-1 DNA detected by droplet digital PCR and in situ hybridization assays in peripheral T cell subsets and tissue-derived samples, repeated ex vivo quantitative and in vivo outgrowth assays in humanized mice did not reveal replication-competent virus.