Human activities and densities shape insecticide resistance distribution and dynamics in the virus-vector Culex pipiens mosquitoes from Morocco.

Background: Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are widely distributed vectors for several arboviruses affecting humans. Consequently, their populations have long been controlled using insecticides, in response to which different resistance mechanisms have been selected. Moreover, their ecological preferences and broad adaptability allow C.

Intra-lineage microevolution of Wolbachia leads to the emergence of new cytoplasmic incompatibility patterns.

Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are worldwide vectors of arbovirus, filarial nematodes, and avian malaria agents. In these hosts, the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), i.e.

Despite structural identity, ace-1 heterogenous duplication resistance alleles are quite diverse in Anopheles mosquitoes.

Anopheles gambiae s.l. has been the target of intense insecticide treatment since the mid-20th century to try and control malaria.

Investigation of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Patterns in Culex pipiens: From Field Samples to Laboratory Isofemale Lines.

This protocol describes approaches to qualify Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) patterns (compatible, uni or bidirectional) in crosses between two or more Culex pipiens isofemale lines, hosting different Wolbachia (wPip) strains. Here, we describe how to (1) collect the larvae in the field and grow them to the adult stage in the insectary, (2) set up isofemale lines in the insectary, (3) genetically characterize the wPip group of these lines, and (4) perform reciprocal crosses to qualify CI.

Nanopore sequencing of PCR products enables multicopy gene family reconstruction.

The importance of gene amplifications in evolution is more and more recognized. Yet, tools to study multi-copy gene families are still scarce, and many such families are overlooked using common sequencing methods. Haplotype reconstruction is even harder for polymorphic multi-copy gene families.