Differences in biomechanical and metabolic factors between patients with frozen shoulder and asymptomatic individuals. A cross-sectional study.

Background: the pathogenesis of frozen shoulder (FS) is thought to be one of inflammation and fibrosis possibly influenced by hyperglycemia. Biomechanical changes of the shoulder joint in terms of muscle strength, scapular kinematics and proprioception might occur in FS.

Objectives: to compare muscle strength, scapular kinematics, proprioception, and blood glucose levels within patients with FS and to asymptomatic individuals.