Percutaneous penetration of octyl salicylate from representative sunscreen formulations through human skin in vitro.

The human skin penetration of [14C]octyl salicylate from two representative sunscreen vehicles was determined in vitro. 3H-sucrose was incorporated into all formulations and provided a marker for membrane integrity. When applied as a finite dose in an oil-in-water emulsion vehicle containing 5% (w/w) octyl salicylate, the average total absorption of 14C over 48 hr was 0.

Ly-6 A/E antigen of murine T cells is associated with a distinct pathway of activation. Requirements for interferon and exogenous interleukin 2.

The Ly-6 pathway of T cell activation was analyzed to identify its essential requirements. Using a monospecific chicken antiserum to Ly-6E, fully cross-reactive to its allelic counterpart, Ly-6A, but unreactive with other members of the Ly-6 family, we have found that interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta or gamma, Ly-6 antibody and interleukin 2 (IL 2) act synergistically in inducing T cell proliferation. The action of IFN can be attributed to induction of Ly-6A/E antigen on T cells, as described previously, and this induction is transcriptionally controlled.

Bidirectionality of mixed lymphocyte stimulation (Mls) response. Effects of Mlsb stimulator cells on Mlsa helper cells.

The activation of BALB/c lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction to Mls-disparate APC has been shown to encompass up to 20% of the mature resting helper T lymphocyte population. In addition to these overtly Mls-responsive cells, our studies have revealed a second population that respond to the Mls difference of DBA/2 spleen cells in conjunction with the mitogen Con A. This part of the Mls response is therefore latent.

Protective effects of glutathione on diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) cytotoxicity: a possible mechanism.

Rat cerebral astrocytes grown in culture were exposed to 35 micrograms diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC)/ml of medium for 1 hr and treated with 0 or 10 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) 1 hr post-DDC. DDC treatment resulted in a 90% reduction in cell adherence within 24 hr and complete inhibition of growth. The most pronounced ultrastructural lesion in DDC-treated cells was on mitochondria.

Mls and the helper T-cell repertoire. I. Mls as a regulator of T-helper cell activation.

We provide evidence that the Mls reaction involves a broad cross-section of the helper cell population. In addition to those cells reacting overtly to Mls stimulatory spleen cells, there is a second large population of helper cells that are affected by an Mls difference. This latent Mls effect is manifested by either synergy or antagonism in mitogen-mediated, Ia-dependent T-cell activation, depending on Mlsa or Mlsb phenotypes of stimulator cells, respectively.