F-waves responses derived from low-intensity electrical stimulation: A method to explore split-hand pathogenesis.

Objectives: The "split-hand syndrome" is a common clinical sign in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), being characterized by more severe atrophy of the hand muscles on the radial side of the hand compared to the ulnar side. We aimed to investigate possible physiological differences between relevant hand muscles using low-intensity F-wave stimulation to assess spinal motoneuron excitability.

Methods: We recruited 36 healthy volunteers.

Hughlings Jackson's Second Thoughts on Mental States in Epilepsy.

John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) was the pre-eminent British neurologist of the last 3 decades of the 19th century whose most seminal contributions related to the understanding of epileptic seizures. Jackson instructed that his personal papers should be destroyed at his death, and consequently, few examples of his handwriting now survive. We discovered a series of marginalia in Jackson's handwriting annotating one of his papers, "On temporary mental disorders after epileptic paroxysms," first published in 1875 in the .

Revisiting the compound muscle action potential (CMAP).

The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) is among the first recorded waveforms in clinical neurography and one of the most common in clinical use. It is derived from the summated muscle fiber action potentials recorded from a surface electrode overlying the studied muscle following stimulation of the relevant motor nerve fibres innervating the muscle. Surface recorded motor unit potentials (SMUPs) are the fundamental units comprising the CMAP.

A brief physiology and pathophysiology of the anorectum based on the Integral Theory paradigm.

The remit of this review is confined to the experimental scientific works and surgeries based on the Integral Theory paradigm. The video abstract summarizes the anorectal function, how ligaments cause dysfunction and cure of fecal incontinence and obstructed defecation by ligament repair. Anorectal function is reflex and binary, with cortical and peripheral components.

Underactive bladder, Fowler's syndrome are potentially curable by uterosacral ligament repair.

Underactive bladder (UAB) is essentially an inability of the bladder to properly empty. UAB symptoms, when they co-occur with posterior fornix syndrome (PFS) symptoms (urge, frequency, nocturia, chronic pelvic pain), can be cured/improved, surgically by uterosacral ligament (USL) repair, non-surgically, by devices which give mechanical support of the USLs or strengthening pelvic muscle and ligaments with squatting-based exercises. The pathogenic pathway from weak USLs to UAB (and PFS) is that, when the muscles which externally open the posterior wall of the urethra contract against lax USLs, their contractile force weakens, and they cannot open the urethra adequately.