Treatment Outcome of 2nd to 5th Metacarpal Fractures: Kirschner Wires Versus Intramedullary Screws.

: Most metacarpal fractures are isolated, simple, closed, and stable fractures and located distally. They are often caused by accidental falls, strikes by humans, by objects or traffic accidents. The majority can be treated conservatively.

Stable Isotope Labelling Reveals Water and Carbon Fluxes in Temperate Tree Saplings Before Budbreak.

Despite considerable experimental effort, the physiological mechanisms governing temperate tree species' water and carbon dynamics before the onset of the growing period remain poorly understood. We applied H-enriched water during winter dormancy to the soil of four potted European tree species. After 8 weeks of chilling, hydrogen isotopes in stem, twig and bud water were measured six times during 2 consecutive weeks of forcing conditions (Experiment 1).

Stable water isotopes reveal the onset of bud dormancy in temperate trees, whereas water content is a better proxy for dormancy release.

Earlier spring growth onset in temperate forests is a visible effect of global warming that alters global water and carbon cycling. Consequently, it becomes crucial to accurately predict the future spring phenological shifts in vegetation under different climate warming scenarios. However, current phenological models suffer from a lack of physiological insights of tree dormancy and are rarely experimentally validated.

Feasting on the ordinary or starving for the exceptional in a warming climate: Phenological synchrony between spongy moth () and budburst of six European tree species.

Global warming is affecting the phenological cycles of plants and animals, altering the complex synchronization that has co-evolved over thousands of years between interacting species and trophic levels. Here, we examined how warmer winter conditions affect the timing of budburst in six common European trees and the hatching of a generalist leaf-feeding insect, the spongy moth , whose fitness depends on the synchrony between egg hatch and leaf emergence of the host tree. We applied four different temperature treatments to eggs and twig cuttings, that mimicked warmer winters and reduced chilling temperatures that are necessary for insect diapause and bud dormancy release, using heated open-top chambers (ambient or +3.

A post-traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.

Introduction: Despite the prevalence of post-traumatic disorder in internally displaced persons, which is well established, and the fact that respective international organizations are working on the issues, little attention is given in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, This study aims to review the available data about the prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorders among internally displaced people in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods: Studies published in the English language that have a clear outcome of interest and are available in full text were included. Six electronic databases were searched to identify published studies on the prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder among IDPs in sub-Saharan Africa.