First trimester physiological development of the fetal foot position using three-dimensional ultrasound in virtual reality.

Aim: In anatomic studies of the embryo, it has been established that during the development of the lower limb, several changes in foot position can be observed defined as a temporary 'physiological clubfoot'. The aim of this study was to develop and test a measurement tool for objective documentation of the first trimester foot position in vivo and made an attempt to create a chart for first trimester foot position.

Methods: We developed a virtual orthopedic protractor for measuring foot positioning using three-dimensional virtual reality visualization.

Accuracy of fetal sex determination in the first trimester of pregnancy using 3D virtual reality ultrasound.

Purpose: Early detection of fetal sex is becoming more popular. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of fetal sex determination in the first trimester, using 3D virtual reality.

Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) US volumes were obtained in 112 pregnancies between 9 and 13 weeks of gestational age.

First trimester trophoblast and placental bed vascular volume measurements in IVF or IVF/ICSI pregnancies.

Study Question: Are first trimester trophoblast volume (TV) and placental bed vascular volume (PBVV) different in IVF or IVF/ICSI pregnancies in comparison with spontaneously conceived pregnancies?

Summary Answer: Any possible abnormal placentation in IVF or IVF/ICSI pregnancies in comparison with spontaneously conceived pregnancies is not detected by a difference in PBVV or TV at an early gestational age (GA).

What Is Known Already: Assisted reproductive technology pregnancies have been associated with an increased risk of placenta-related adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is unclear whether these effects originate from infertility or from the technique itself.

Early pregnancy placental bed and fetal vascular volume measurements using 3-D virtual reality.

In this study, a new 3-D Virtual Reality (3D VR) technique for examining placental and uterine vasculature was investigated. The validity of placental bed vascular volume (PBVV) and fetal vascular volume (FVV) measurements was assessed and associations of PBVV and FVV with embryonic volume, crown-rump length, fetal birth weight and maternal parity were investigated. One hundred thirty-two patients were included in this study, and measurements were performed in 100 patients.