Small molecule APOL1 inhibitors as a precision medicine approach for APOL1-mediated kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease affects ~10% of people worldwide and there are no disease modifying therapeutics that address the underlying cause of any form of kidney disease. Genome wide association studies have identified the G1 and G2 variants in the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene as major contributors to a subtype of proteinuric kidney disease now referred to as APOL1-mediated kidney disease (AMKD). We hypothesized that inhibition of APOL1 could have therapeutic potential for this genetically-defined form of kidney disease.

Neo-Sex Chromosome Evolution in Treehoppers Despite Long-Term X Chromosome Conservation.

Sex chromosomes follow distinct evolutionary trajectories compared to the rest of the genome. In many cases, sex chromosomes (X and Y or Z and W) significantly differentiate from one another resulting in heteromorphic sex chromosome systems. Such heteromorphic systems are thought to act as an evolutionary trap that prevents subsequent turnover of the sex chromosome system.

Assessment of the ability of Lactococcus lactis 537 to bind aflatoxin M1 in the presence of inulin and Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum).

One promising method for the detoxification of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) involves the use of probiotic bacteria combined with prebiotics. This approach is both safe and cost-effective, while also offering additional health benefits. The objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of Lactococcus lactis 537 (Lc.