Ancient genomics support deep divergence between Eastern and Western Mediterranean Indo-European languages.

The Indo-European languages are among the most widely spoken in the world, yet their early diversification remains contentious. It is widely accepted that the spread of this language family across Europe from the 5th millennium BP correlates with the expansion and diversification of steppe-related genetic ancestry from the onset of the Bronze Age. However, multiple steppe-derived populations co-existed in Europe during this period, and it remains unclear how these populations diverged and which provided the demographic channels for the ancestral forms of the Italic, Celtic, Greek, and Armenian languages.

Long-term Cognitive Outcomes and Socioprofessional Attainment in People With Multiple Sclerosis With Childhood Onset.

Background And Objectives: Patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) can be especially vulnerable to cognitive impairment (CI) due to the onset of MS during a critical period for CNS development and maturation. The objective of this longitudinal study was to assess long-term cognitive functioning and socioprofessional attainment in the Italian pediatric MS cohort, previously assessed at baseline and 2 and 5 years.

Methods: The 48 patients evaluated at the 5-year assessment were screened for inclusion.

Identifying the Distinct Cognitive Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis.

Importance: Cognitive impairment is a common and disabling feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), but a precise characterization of cognitive phenotypes in patients with MS is lacking.

Objectives: To identify cognitive phenotypes in a clinical cohort of patients with MS and to characterize their clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This multicenter cross-sectional study consecutively screened clinically stable patients with MS and healthy control individuals at 8 MS centers in Italy from January 1, 2010, to October 31, 2019.

Correction to: Aging with multiple sclerosis: prevalence and profile of cognitive impairment.

The above article was published online with an error in author name's affiliation. The Author Claudia Niccolai has changed her affiliation to IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.

Aging with multiple sclerosis: prevalence and profile of cognitive impairment.

Background: The increase in life expectancy of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) requires a better knowledge of disease features in the older patients group.

Objective: To describe the prevalence and profile of cognitive impairment (CI) in older patients with MS and perform a comparison with younger patients.

Methods: Patients were consecutively recruited for 6 months.