Maladaptive but malleable: Gender-science stereotypes emerge early but are modifiable by language.

Gender-science stereotypes emerge early in childhood, but little is known about the developmental processes by which they arise. The present study tested the hypothesis that language implying scientists are a special and distinct kind of person contributes to the development of gender-science stereotypes, even when it does not communicate stereotypic content. One cross-sectional and two longitudinal studies with racially and geographically diverse children (primarily from the United States; ages 4-5; N = 872, tested 2020-2022) revealed that gender stereotypes about science versus art (a) emerge before elementary school, (b) arise from commonplace identity-emphasizing language, especially among girls, and (c) can be durably disrupted by subtle changes to language.

Case Report: Bilateral Spigelian Hernia With Meckel's diverticulum.

Spigelian hernia is an uncommon form of ventral hernia, with an incidence ranging from 0.1% to 2%. This case report describes a 72-year-old female who presented with an obstructed right Spigelian hernia, a left Spigelian hernia, and an uncomplicated Meckel's diverticulum, along with the management approach.

Effectiveness of interventions for convergence insufficiency: an observational study evaluating clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life using AS20.

Background: Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common condition that can impair visual performance and comfort during close visual work. This observational study evaluated the effectiveness of interventions on clinical outcomes and health-related quality-of-life using the Adult Strabismus-20 (AS20) questionnaire in patients with CI.

Methods: Data was extracted from a database collected at first consultation from 2015 to 2022.

How Culture Shapes the Early Development of Essentialist Beliefs.

People represent many categories and their features as determined by intrinsic essences. These essentialist beliefs reflect biased views of the world that can hinder scientific reasoning and contribute to social prejudice. To consider the extent to which such essentialist views originate from culturally-situated processes, the present study tested the developmental trajectories of essentialist beliefs among children growing up in the United States and China (N = 531; ages 3-6).

How generic language shapes the development of social thought.

Generic language, that is, language that refers to a category as an abstract whole (e.g., 'Girls like pink') rather than specific individuals (e.