Comparative functional characterization and in vitro immunological cross-reactivity studies on Daboia russelii and Craspedocephalus malabaricus venom.

Background: Snake venom is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic constituents, including proteins and peptides. Several studies showed that antivenom efficacy differs due to intra- and inter-species venom variation.

Methods: In the current study, comparative functional characterization of major enzymatic proteins present in Craspedocephalus malabaricus and Daboia russelii venom was investigated through various in vitro and immunological cross-reactivity assays.

Sodium oleate, arachidonate, and linoleate enhance fibrinogenolysis by Russell's viper venom proteinases and inhibit FXIIIa; a role for phospholipase A in venom induced consumption coagulopathy.

Life-threatening symptoms produced by Russell's viper (RV, Daboia russelii) envenomation result largely from venom induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC). VICC is thought to be mediated to a large degree by venom serine and metalloproteinases, as well as by snake venom phospholipase A (svPLA), the most abundant constituent of RV venom (RVV). The observation that the phenolic lipid anacardic acid markedly enhances proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen by RVV proteinases led us to characterize the chemical basis of this phenomenon with results indicating that svPLA products may be major contributors to VICC.

Correction to: Is liver lesion characterisation by simplified IVIM DWI also feasible at 3.0 T?

The original version of this article, published on 08 April 2019, unfortunately contained a mistake. The following correction has therefore been made in the original: The caption of Fig. 2 is wrong.

Is liver lesion characterisation by simplified IVIM DWI also feasible at 3.0 T?

Objective: To evaluate simplified intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for liver lesion characterisation at 3.0 T and to compare it with 1.5 T.

Accurate IVIM model-based liver lesion characterisation can be achieved with only three b-value DWI.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate a simplified intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) approach of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with four b-values for liver lesion characterisation at 1.5 T.

Methods: DWI data from a respiratory-gated MRI sequence with b = 0, 50, 250, 800 s/mm were retrospectively analysed in 173 lesions and 40 healthy livers.