Challenges in intraoperative differentiation of craniopharyngioma and Rathke cleft cyst on endoscopic visualization.

Background: Craniopharyngiomas are epithelial tumors derived from the remnants of the Rathke pouch, while Rathke cleft cysts (RCC) are benign cystic lesions originating from the Rathke pouch itself [1]. Rathke cleft cysts comprise 10-15% of the hypophyseal tumors, while craniopharyngiomas are relatively rare, comprising only 2-5% of intracranial tumors [2]. Both located in the sellar and parasellar regions and share clinical symptoms including headache, visual disturbances, and endocrine dysfunction [3].

THC Ingestions and Child Protective Services: Guidelines for Practitioners.

The decriminalization of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing products has resulted in an increased presence of these products in households. This increased presence, along with frequent use of product packaging that mimics recognizable and appealing treats, has led to a rise in accidental ingestions of THC-containing substances by children. Some clinicians and child protective services (CPS) professionals have recommended that every accidental THC ingestion by a child, irrespective of the circumstances, should be reported for investigation by CPS.

Skeletal muscle size and quality in healthy kidney donors, normal range and clinical associations.

The gold standard to estimate muscle mass and quality is computed tomography (CT) scan. Lower mass and density (intramuscular fat infiltration) of skeletal muscles are markers of sarcopenia, associated with increased mortality risk, impaired physical function, and poorer prognosis across various populations and medical conditions. We aimed to describe standard reference values in healthy population, prospective kidney donors, and correlate clinical parameters to muscle mass and density.

Endocrine gland size is proportional to its target tissue size.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the circulation to target distant tissues and regulate their functions. The qualitative relationship between hormone-secreting organs and their target tissues is well established, but a quantitative approach is currently limited. Quantification is important, as it could allow us to study the endocrine system using engineering concepts of optimality and tradeoffs.