Persistent complement dysregulation with signs of thromboinflammation in active Long Covid.

Long Covid is a debilitating condition of unknown etiology. We performed multimodal proteomics analyses of blood serum from COVID-19 patients followed up to 12 months after confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Analysis of >6500 proteins in 268 longitudinal samples revealed dysregulated activation of the complement system, an innate immune protection and homeostasis mechanism, in individuals experiencing Long Covid.

Human memory B cells show plasticity and adopt multiple fates upon recall response to SARS-CoV-2.

The B cell response to different pathogens uses tailored effector mechanisms and results in functionally specialized memory B (B) cell subsets, including CD21 resting, CD21CD27 activated and CD21CD27 B cells. The interrelatedness between these B cell subsets remains unknown. Here we showed that single severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific B cell clones showed plasticity upon antigen rechallenge in previously exposed individuals.

A systematic review of interleukin-2-based immunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Background: The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) can stimulate both effector immune cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ability of selectively engaging either of these effects has spurred interest in using IL-2 for immunotherapy of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Thus, numerous IL-2-based biologic agents with improved bias or delivery towards effector immune cells or Treg cells have been developed.