The milk-alkali syndrome. A case report.

A case of the milk-alkali syndrome is described. The patient presented with a raised serum calcium level without hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis and azotaemia. The alkali used was an antacid preparation containing calcium carbonate.

Acute focal bacterial nephritis or renal abscess? A sonographic diagnosis.

The radiological and sonographic findings of acute focal bacterial nephritis in 3 patients are presented. The sonographic appearance of a poorly marginated mass in the renal cortex, with echo amplitude less than the normal parenchyma and with poor transmission, should suggest the diagnosis of acute focal bacterial nephritis in a patient with pyrexia and a tender renal mass. These features of poor echogenicity and lack of posterior enhancement contrast with the presence of patchy echogenicity and posterior enhancement found in the renal abscess.

Ultrasound demonstration of valvulae conniventes in small-bowel obstruction. A case report.

Plain radiographs may on occasion be misleading in patients with intestinal obstruction, owing to the presence of fluid-filled loops of bowel. Ultrasound examination, by demonstrating fluid-filled loops, can provide a definitive diagnosis in such cases. A case report is presented.

Radiological pointers to pre-operative diagnosis of torsion of the gallbladder. A case report.

A case of torsion of the gallbladder is reviewed. The radiographic features of the case suggest that in future pre-operative diagnosis may be possible with the use of ultrasound and contrast radiography.