Electrosurgery: heating, sparking and electrical arcs.

The translation of impedance (R), current (I), and voltage (V) into tissue effects and the understanding of the settings of electrosurgical units is not obvious if judged by the many questions during live surgery. Below 200 V, the current heats the tissue until the steam of boiling stops the current. Thus, slower heating, because of less energy or a larger contact area, results in deeper coagulation.

Oxidative Stress Differentially Influences the Survival and Metabolism of Cells in the Melanoma Microenvironment.

The cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment, including tumor, immune, stromal, and endothelial cells, significantly influences responses to cancer therapies. In this study, we analyzed the impact of oxidative stress, induced by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), on tumor cells, T cells, and macrophages, which comprise part of the melanoma microenvironment. To accomplish this, cells were grown in different in vitro cell culture models and were treated with varying amounts of CAP.

Analysis of Coil Configurations for a Contactless Thermal Tumor Ablation With Implanted Devices.

In the wide field of tumor treatment, thermal ablation procedures are very promising. Alternating magnetic fields are used to transfer the energy from outside the patient to the tumor area located anywhere in the body. This energy is converted to heat by implanted devices located in the tumor area.

Intestinal smooth muscle hyperplasia in a rhea (Rhea americana).

Smooth muscle hyperplasia of the small intestine occurred in an 18-month-old rhea (Rhea americana). The mucosal thickening was 2-3 mm, and the enlarged muscle layers averaged 5 mm thick. The intestinal villi were lengthened, pleated, and expanded by smooth muscle hyperplasia within the lamina propria.

Delayed organophosphate neurotoxicosis in four heifers.

Oil-containing triaryl phosphates induced delayed organophosphate neurotoxicosis in 4 dairy heifers. Clinical signs developed 10 to 14 days after exposure and included dyspnea, dysuria, polyuria, tympanites, incoordination, hind limb weakness with knuckling of the metatarsophalangeal joints, and flaccid paralysis. Triaryl phosphate concentrations were high in a specimen of fat from 1 heifer, and the fat and 2 waste oil samples used to periodically lubricate a feed bunk motor chain had similar triaryl phosphate-like chromatographic profiles.