The Hypersensitive Response to Plant Viruses.

Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles in detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity and in the cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats but receptor-like kinases with leucine-rich repeats, known to localize at the cell surface, have also been involved in response to viruses. In the present review we report on the progress that has been achieved in the last decade on the role of these leucine-rich proteins in antiviral immunity, with a special focus on our current understanding of the hypersensitive response.

Characterization of wheat-flour-water doughs: a new method using ultrasound.

In this paper, an original method of evaluating the physical properties of wheat-flour-water systems using high-frequency low-power ultrasound is presented. Most of the experiments were performed with a reflectance technique measuring the acoustic impedance of doughs. The velocity of propagation, attenuation and viscoelastic moduli have been evaluated for both compressional and shear ultrasonic waves in the interval 2-10 MHz for doughs of different hydrations.

[Limits of auditory evoked potentials of the brain stem in the diagnosis of deafness in children].

117 children were examined in Gatien of Clocheville during 13 months. In the same session behavioural audiometry and brainstem auditory evoked response audiometry were performed. With the click technique: BSAER do not identify tonal notchs.