Molecular forms of the Indian Anopheles subpictus complex differ in their susceptibility to insecticides and the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel.

Objectives: To investigate the differential insecticide-susceptibility of two molecular forms of Anopheles subpictus complex (A and B) against DDT and pyrethroids, the occurrence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in these forms, and the association of kdr mutations with insecticide resistance.

Methods: Insecticide susceptibility tests of An. subpictus s.

Molecular Tools for Early Detection of Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes.

Reports of the expansion of the Asia malaria vector Anopheles stephensi mosquito into new geographic areas are increasing, which poses a threat to the elimination of urban malaria. Efficient surveillance of this vector in affected areas and early detection in new geographic areas is key to containing and controlling this species. To overcome the practical difficulties associated with the morphological identification of immature stages and adults of An.

A comprehensive overview of the existing microbial symbionts in mosquito vectors: An important tool for impairing pathogen transmission.

The emergence of drug-resistant parasites and/or insecticide-resistant mosquito vectors necessitates developing alternative tools that either supplement or replace the conventional malaria control strategies. Trans-infecting the mosquito vector with symbionts that can either compete with a targeted pathogen or manipulate the host biology by reducing its vectorial capacity could be a promising and innovative biological approach for the control of infectious diseases This idea could be utilized to develop a novel and efficient vector control strategy; symbionts are dispersed into vector populations to reduce their ability to transmit human pathogens. Here, we reported the natural existence of Microsporidian (an obligate fungus) in the field-collected An.

Use of epidurography in the perioperative and acute pain setting.

Ensuring proper placement of epidural catheters is critical to improving their reliability for pain control and maintaining confidence in their continued use. This article will seek to address the role of objective confirmation of successful epidural placement via either single view or continuous epidural contrast studies, each creating an 'epidurogram.' Furthermore, the pertinent anatomical corollaries of continuous fluoroscopy used frequently in chronic pain medicine, from which these techniques emerged, will be addressed.