Cyclic electron flow and Photosystem II-less photosynthesis.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is characterised by the cooperation of two photo-driven complexes, Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI), sequentially linked through a series of redox-coupled intermediates. Divergent evolution has resulted in photosystems exhibiting complementary redox potentials, spanning the range necessary to oxidise water and reduce CO2 within a single system. Catalysing nature's most oxidising reaction to extract electrons from water is a highly specialised task that limits PSII's metabolic function.

Chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex-mediated cyclic electron flow is the main electron transport route in C bundle sheath cells.

The superior productivity of C plants is achieved via a metabolic C cycle which acts as a CO pump across mesophyll and bundle sheath (BS) cells and requires an additional input of energy in the form of ATP. The importance of chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH) operating cyclic electron flow (CEF) around Photosystem I (PSI) for C photosynthesis has been shown in reverse genetics studies but the contribution of CEF and NDH to cell-level electron fluxes remained unknown. We have created gene-edited Setaria viridis with null ndhO alleles lacking functional NDH and developed methods for quantification of electron flow through NDH in BS and mesophyll cells.

Perspectives on improving photosynthesis to increase crop yield.

Improving photosynthesis, the fundamental process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a key area of research with great potential for enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity and addressing global food security challenges. This perspective delves into the latest advancements and approaches aimed at optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Our discussion encompasses the entire process, beginning with light harvesting and its regulation and progressing through the bottleneck of electron transfer.

[Tremor-dominant form of Parkinson's disease].

The article is of a review nature and is devoted to tremor, one of the maladaptive and difficult-to-treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Along with the classic rest tremor, patients with PD may experience tremor of other modalities: postural tremor, kinetic tremor, which reflects a multimodal mechanism of tremor formation involving multiple neurotransmitter systems. The unpredictable response to therapeutic options, the ambiguous response to levodopa, also reflects the role of multiple underlying pathophysiological processes.

Faster induction of photosynthesis increases biomass and grain yield in glasshouse-grown transgenic Sorghum bicolor overexpressing Rieske FeS.

Sorghum is one of the most important crops providing food and feed in many of the world's harsher environments. Sorghum utilizes the C pathway of photosynthesis in which a biochemical carbon-concentrating mechanism results in high CO assimilation rates. Overexpressing the Rieske FeS subunit of the Cytochrome b f complex was previously shown to increase the rate of photosynthetic electron transport and stimulate CO assimilation in the model C plant Setaria viridis.