Understanding gait alterations: trunk flexion and its effects on walking neuromechanics.

Evolutionary and functional adaptations of morphology and postural tone of the spine and trunk are intrinsically shaped by the field of gravity in which humans move. Gravity also significantly impacts the timing and levels of neuromuscular activation, particularly in foot-support interactions. During step-to-step transitions, the centre of mass velocity must be redirected from downwards to upwards.

Unraveling age-related impairment of the neuromuscular system: exploring biomechanical and neurophysiological perspectives.

With extended life expectancy, the quality of life of elders is a priority. Loss of mobility, increased morbidity and risks of falls have dramatic individual and societal impacts. Here we consider the age-related modifications of gait, from a biomechanical and neurophysiological perspective.

Effect of age and speed on the step-to-step transition strategies in children.

The development and acquisition of mature walking in children is multifactorial, depending among others on foot interaction with the ground, body dynamics and the knowledge of the 'rules' stemming from the gravity field. Indeed, each step the velocity of the centre of mass must be redirected upwards. This redirection may be initiated by the trailing leg, propulsing forward and upward the body before foot contact, or later by the loading limb after the contact with the ground.

Influence of sports background on the bouncing mechanism of running.

During running, the mechanical energy of the centre of mass of the body (COM) oscillates throughout the step like a spring-mass system, where part of its mechanical energy is stored during negative phases to be released during the following positive phases. This storage-release of energy improves muscle-tendon efficiency, which is related to lower-limb stiffness. This study explores the effect of sports background on the bouncing mechanism, by examining differences in stiffness and step spatiotemporal parameters between swimmers and football athletes.