Tick-borne encephalitis virus: molecular determinants of neuropathogenesis of an emerging pathogen.

tick vector, and a vertebrate reservoir, such as small mammals (rodents, or shrews). Humans are accidentally involved in this transmission cycle. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a growing public health problem in Europe and Asia over the past 30 years.

Controlled diazonium electrografting driven by overpotential reduction: a general strategy to prepare ultrathin layers.

A global and extremely simple strategy to prepare a covalently attached monolayered organic film on a carbon surface is presented. The approach is centered on the strict control of the radical polymerization traditionally observed when aryldiazonium salts are reduced. By exploiting the reductive properties of superoxide ions generated from atmospheric dioxygen at the grafting potential, the diazonium concentration is drastically lowered at the substrate/solution interface, resulting in the formation of ultrathin films.

Click Chemistry: A Versatile Method for Tuning the Composition of Mixed Organic Layers Obtained by Reduction of Diazonium Cations.

Postfunctionalization of glassy carbon electrodes previously modified by reduction of 4-azidobenzenediazonium was exploited to conveniently synthesize controlled mixed organic layers. Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was used to anchor functional entities to azide platform. By this way, ((4-ethynylphenyl)carbamoyl)ferrocene (ϕ-Fc) was coimmobilized with a set of acetylene derivatives: 1-ethynyl-4-nitrobenzene (ϕ-NO), 4-ethynylaniline (ϕ-NH) or ethylnylbenzene (ϕ).

Contribution of the residual body in the spatial organization of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites within the parasitophorous vacuole.

Toxoplasma gondii proliferates and organizes within a parasitophorous vacuole in rosettes around a residual body and is surrounded by a membranous nanotubular network whose function remains unclear. Here, we characterized structure and function of the residual body in intracellular tachyzoites of the RH strain. Our data showed the residual body as a body limited by a membrane formed during proliferation of tachyzoites probably through the secretion of components and a pinching event of the membrane at the posterior end.

Cloning of the gene encoding the p30 antigen of Toxoplasma gondii by PCR to insert it in transgenic mice.

The serum from virtually all people exposed to Toxoplasma gondii contains a high titer of antibodies against a major antigen called P30. It has been suggested that p30 antigen can be used as a good diagnostic tool during T. gondii infection.