Haff Disease in Salvador, Brazil, 2016-2021: Attack rate and detection of toxin in fish samples collected during outbreaks and disease surveillance.

Background: From late 2016 to early 2021, cases of Haff disease, a rare cause of rhabdomyolysis, possibly due to poisoning by palytoxin-like compounds in seafood, were detected in Salvador, Brazil. Surveillance was established to detect additional cases aiming at describing the clinical characteristics of the cases, identifying associated factors, estimating disease attack rate, and investigating the presence of biotoxins and trace metals in selected fish specimens obtained from cases.

Method: Between December/2016-January/2021, surveillance investigated Haff disease suspected cases, and obtained clinical and fish samples to test.

Comparison of orthodontic treatment need among professionals and parents in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Aims: This study aimed to assess parents' awareness and attitude regarding their children's malocclusion compared with professional assessments and to measure the prevalence of malocclusion among children in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: The study population consisted of 377 randomly selected children (aged 8-12 years) from five schools in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was used to assess parents' awareness using the Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and knowledge about preventive orthodontics.