Advantages and limitations of 3D organoids and ex vivo tumor tissue culture in personalized medicine for prostate cancer.

Background: Current in vitro model systems do not fully reflect the bio-logical and clinical diversity of prostate cancer (PCa). Organoids are 3D in vitro cell cultures that may better recapitulate disease heterogeneity and retain parental tumor characteristics. Short-term ex vivo culture of PCa tissues may also facilitate drug testing in personalized medicine.