Introduction: Tubular biomarkers may shed insight into progression of kidney tubulointerstitial pathology complementary to traditional measures of glomerular function and damage.
Methods: We examined trajectories of tubular biomarkers in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC Study) of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Biomarkers were measured in a subset of 220 participants across 7 time points over 26 years.
Objective: Tubulointerstitial injury contributes to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. We tested tubular biomarker associations with DKD development in type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Research Design And Methods: We performed a case-cohort study examining associations of tubular biomarkers, measured across seven time points spanning ∼30 years, with incident macroalbuminuria ("severely elevated albuminuria," urinary albumin excretion rate [AER] ≥300 mg/day) and sustained low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (persistent eGFR <60 mL/min/1.
Objective: To describe a practical approach of when and how often to perform imaging, and when to stop imaging pituitary adenomas (PAs).
Methods: A literature review was carried out and recommendations provided are derived largely from personal experience.
Results: Magnetic resonance imaging is the mainstay imaging modality of choice in the assessment, treatment planning, and follow-up of PAs.