Deciphering azole resistance mechanisms with a focus on transcription factor-encoding genes TAC1, MRR1 and UPC2 in a set of fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans.

Several and often combined mechanisms can lead to acquired azole resistance in Candida albicans and subsequent therapeutic failure. The aim of this study was to provide a complete overview of the molecular basis of azole resistance in a set of six C. albicans clinical isolates recovered from patients who failed azole therapy.

Multilocus sequence typing of Pneumocystis jirovecii from clinical samples: how many and which loci should be used?

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection with airborne transmission and remains a major cause of respiratory illness among immunocompromised individuals. In recent years, several outbreaks of PCP, occurring mostly in kidney transplant recipients, have been reported. Currently, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) performed on clinical samples is considered to be the gold standard for epidemiological investigations of nosocomial clusters of PCP.

Amino acid substitutions in the Candida albicans sterol Δ5,6-desaturase (Erg3p) confer azole resistance: characterization of two novel mutants with impaired virulence.

Objectives: To determine the mechanisms responsible for fluconazole resistance in two Candida albicans isolates (CAAL2 and CAAL76) recovered from two hospitalized patients after fluconazole prophylaxis.

Methods: MICs of fluconazole and voriconazole were determined by the broth microdilution method (CLSI M27-A3), and by Etest(®) for amphotericin B. RNA expression levels of CDR1, MDR1 and ERG11 were determined by RT-PCR.

High prevalence of triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, especially mediated by TR/L98H, in a French cohort of patients with cystic fibrosis.

Objectives: Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus due to a single azole resistance mechanism (TR/L98H) is increasingly reported in European countries. Data from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are limited. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in A.