Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models.

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in medical question answering, with Med-PaLM being the first to exceed a 'passing' score in United States Medical Licensing Examination style questions. However, challenges remain in long-form medical question answering and handling real-world workflows. Here, we present Med-PaLM 2, which bridges these gaps with a combination of base LLM improvements, medical domain fine-tuning and new strategies for improving reasoning and grounding through ensemble refinement and chain of retrieval.

Machine learning assisted plasmonic metascreen for enhanced broadband absorption in ultra-thin silicon films.

We propose and demonstrate a data-driven plasmonic metascreen that efficiently absorbs incident light over a wide spectral range in an ultra-thin silicon film. By embedding a double-nanoring silver array within a 20 nm ultrathin amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer, we achieve a significant enhancement of light absorption. This enhancement arises from the interaction between the resonant cavity modes and localized plasmonic modes, requiring precise tuning of plasmon resonances to match the absorption region of the silicon active layer.

Profiling epithelial viral receptor expression in amniotic membrane and nasal epithelial cells at birth.

Introduction: Children with wheeze and asthma present with airway epithelial vulnerabilities, such as impaired responses to viral infection. It is postulated that the in utero environment may contribute to the development of airway epithelial vulnerabilities. The aims of the study were to establish whether the receptors for rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are expressed in the amniotic membrane and whether the pattern of expression is similar to newborn nasal epithelium.

Effects of the anti-inflammatory pentoxifylline on psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions: exploring various off-label utilities with meta-analyses.

Background: Chronic inflammation has been linked to many psychiatric disorders, and therefore, pertinent anti-inflammatory therapies have been empirically evaluated for management. An enduring example of long-term safety, attainability, and versatility has been pentoxifylline (PTX). PTX is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that modulates inflammatory mediators and affects most blood components and the blood vessels.

DSSCs Sensitized with Phenothiazine Derivatives Containing 1H-Tetrazole-5-acrylic Acid as an Anchoring Unit.

Phenothiazine-based photosensitizers bear the intrinsic potential to substitute various expensive organometallic dyes owing to the strong electron-donating nature of the former. If coupled with a strong acceptor unit and the length of N-alkyl chain is appropriately chosen, they can easily produce high efficiency levels in dye-sensitized solar cells. Here, three novel D-A dyes containing 1H-tetrazole-5-acrylic acid as an acceptor were synthesized by varying the N-alkyl chain length at its phenothiazine core and were exploited in dye-sensitized solar cells.