Arsenic(V) and vanadium(V) fractionation after its incorporation into a sandy loam soil from Pampas region, Argentina.

Arsenic is a well-known toxic substance, widely distributed, whereas vanadium is a pollutant of emerging interest. Both have been found to correlate positively in groundwaters, thus concern arises on the effect of these pollutants on crops, if such waters are used for irrigation. We conducted a study on the effect of aging with a typical crop soil mimicking soils initially irrigated with water containing As and V.

Online driver license renewal and road user injury and fatality in Washington State.

Objectives: Washington State implemented a new policy in 2004 that allowed drivers younger than 70 years old to renew their driver license by mail or online at every other renewal. Drivers aged 70 years and older were still required to renew in-person every 6 years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this policy change was associated with motor vehicle crash (MVC) injury and fatality among drivers, non-drivers, and all road users aged 45-69 years.

A Matched Design for Causal Inference With Survey Data: Evaluation of Medical Marijuana Legalization in Kentucky and Tennessee.

A concern surrounding marijuana legalization is that driving after marijuana use may become more prevalent. Survey data are valuable for estimating policy effects, however their observational nature and unequal sampling probabilities create challenges for causal inference. To estimate population-level effects using survey data, we propose a matched design and implement sensitivity analyses to quantify how robust conclusions are to unmeasured confounding.

Validation of galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic transport measurements using Standard Reference Material 3451.

In the "method of four coefficients," electrical resistivity (ρ), Seebeck coefficient (S), Hall coefficient (RH), and Nernst coefficient (Q) of a material are measured and typically fit or modeled with theoretical expressions based on Boltzmann transport theory to glean experimental insights into features of electronic structure and/or charge carrier scattering mechanisms in materials. Although well-defined and readily available reference materials exist for validating measurements of ρ and S, none currently exists for RH or Q. We show that measurements of all four transport coefficients-ρ, S, RH, and Q-can be validated using a single reference sample, namely, the low-temperature Seebeck coefficient Standard Reference Material® (SRM) 3451 (composition Bi2Te3+x) available from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) without the need for inter-laboratory sample exchange.