Green Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles, Characterization, and Their Neuroprotective Effect on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Injury in Human Neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) Cell Line.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) have a broad scale of applications in the biomedical field due to their excellent physicochemical and catalytic properties. The present study aims to synthesize the CeONPs from () leaf extract, which has been used in Indian traditional medicine for its neuroprotective properties. The CeONPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

I-Catalyzed transformation of o-aminobenzamide to o-ureidobenzonitrile using isothiocyanates.

The present work describes an unexpected and unique protocol for the iodine catalysed synthesis of o-ureidobenzonitriles using o-aminobenzamides and isothiocyanates via intramolecular rearrangement. The metal-free route achieved here is insensitive to moisture and applicable to the synthesis of a wide variety of o-ureidobenzonitriles with excellent yields even in a scalable fashion.

Paediatric HIV--trends & challenges.

With the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection, which was once considered a progressively fatal illness, has now become a chronic treatable condition in children, as in adults. However, the challenges these children are forced to face are far more daunting. The most significant shortcoming in the response to paediatric HIV remains the woefully inadequate prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), allowing a large number of children to be born with HIV in the first place, in spite of it being largely preventable.