2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.

Background: The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

Methods: The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing.

The galactokinase enzyme of yeast senses metabolic flux to stabilize galactose pathway regulation.

Nutrient sensors allow cells to adapt their metabolisms to match nutrient availability by regulating metabolic pathway expression. Many such sensors are cytosolic receptors that measure intracellular nutrient concentrations. One might expect that inducing the metabolic pathway that degrades a nutrient would reduce intracellular nutrient levels, destabilizing induction.

Loss of Sult1a1 reduces body weight and increases browning of white adipose tissue.

Background And Objective: Overweight and obesity affects millions of individuals worldwide and consequently represents a major public health concern. Individuals living with overweight and obesity have difficulty maintaining a low body weight due to known physiological mechanisms which prevent further weight loss and drive weight regain. In contrast, mechanisms which promote low body weight maintenance receive less attention and are largely unknown.