Scheduled feeding results in adipogenesis and increased acylated ghrelin.

Ghrelin, known to stimulate adipogenesis, displays an endogenous secretory rhythmicity closely related to meal patterns. Therefore, a chronic imposed feeding schedule might induce modified ghrelin levels and consequently adiposity. Growing Wistar rats were schedule-fed by imposing a particular fixed feeding schedule of 3 meals/day without caloric restriction compared with total daily control intake.

Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of PEG-10kDa-cholecystokinin-10 in rats after different routes of administration.

Cholecystokinin, produced in the proximal small intestine, is a short acting satiating peptide hormone. CCK-10, before and after mono-iodination, was previously coupled to 10kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG). The formed conjugates PEG10kDa-CCK-10 and PEG10kDa-[(127)I]-CCK-10 show after i.

Disruption of the behavioral satiety sequence by simmondsin.

Simmondsin, a cyanoglycoside from jojoba meal, reduces food intake after oral administration. To diagnose if it acts by inducing satiation or by creating abnormal physiological effects, an observational study was undertaken to investigate the effects of simmondsin on feeding and other behaviors. Particular attention was paid to the behavioral sequence associated with satiety (BSS).

Dose-response effects of PEGylated cholecystokinin on the behavioral satiety sequence.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is known to have a short biological half-life. In order to prolong the half-life and create a new investigative tool, we previously PEGylated the peptide, yielding PEG-CCK(9), and demonstrated that it had a dose-dependent prolonged anorectic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PEG-CCK(9) reduces food intake by inducing satiation or by abnormal physiological effects, such as pain, malaise, or nausea.

Lack of tolerance development with long-term administration of PEGylated cholecystokinin.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a short acting satiating peptide hormone produced in the proximal small intestine. Daily CCK injection in rats initially inhibits food intake, but after several days, food intake is no longer affected, suggesting development of tolerance. Previously, we covalently coupled CCK to a 10kDa polyethylene glycol (mPEG-OH) and showed that this conjugate, PEG-CCK(9), produced a significantly longer anorectic effect than unmodified CCK(9).