[Surgical care in the Russian Federation during the pandemic - the main results of 2020].

Objective: To study the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on surgical care in the Russian Federation.

Material And Methods: A retrospective cohort study of surgical care in state medical organizations of the Russian Federation in 2020 was conducted in comparison with 2019. The electronic database of the annual reports of the Chief surgeon of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation was used, which includes data from 3.

International legal standards for conducting biomedical experiments on animals: status and prospects of development.

Introduction: The article highlights the basic principles of the use of animals in biomedical research raised the main problems of vivisection. It also suggests specific steps to enhance the humanization of this process. The conclusions are the following: it is very important to prevent cruelty to animals in the context of resolving bioethical and legal problems associated with the implementation of the principle of humanism and the protection of animal rights.

Generation of a Lineage II Powassan Virus (Deer Tick Virus) cDNA Clone: Assessment of Flaviviral Genetic Determinants of Tick and Mosquito Vector Competence.

The Flavivirus genus comprises a diverse group of viruses that utilize a wide range of vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. The genus includes viruses that are transmitted solely by mosquitoes or vertebrate hosts as well as viruses that alternate transmission between mosquitoes or ticks and vertebrates. Nevertheless, the viral genetic determinants that dictate these unique flaviviral host and vector specificities have been poorly characterized.