Pro-inflammatory NK-like T cells are expanded in the blood and inflamed intestine in Crohn's disease.

Altered intestinal immune homeostasis leads to chronic inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). To address disease- and tissue-specific alterations, we performed a T cell-centric mass cytometry analysis of peripheral and intestinal lymphocytes from patients with CD and healthy donors' PBMCs. Chronic intestinal inflammation enforced activation, exhaustion, and terminal differentiation of CD4 and CD8 T cells and a relative enrichment of CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cells.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-obtained bile culture in acute cholangitis: retrospective analysis of bile cultures and risk factors in a tertiary care center.

Background: Collection of bile aspirate during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is essential to identify pathogens responsible for acute cholangitis. Limited data are available on the risk factors for the presence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in bile.

Methods: We conducted this retrospective, single-center study to assess the prevalence and susceptibility rates of bacteria in bile cultures, and the risk factors for the presence of pathogens, MDRO, and fungi in bile.

Interferon regulatory factor 4 plays a pivotal role in the development of aGVHD-associated colitis.

Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a master transcription factor that regulates T helper cell (Th) differentiation. It interacts with the Basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF), depletion of which in CD4 T cells abrogates acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD)-induced colitis. Here, we investigated the immune-regulatory role of in a mouse model of MHC-mismatched bone marrow transplantation.