Maintaining hydration with a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution improves performance, thermoregulation, and fatigue during an ice hockey scrimmage.

Research in "stop-and-go" sports has demonstrated that carbohydrate ingestion improves performance and fatigue, and that dehydration of ∼1.5%-2% body mass (BM) loss results in decreased performance, increased fatigue, and increased core temperature. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the physiological, performance, and fatigue-related effects of maintaining hydration with a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) versus dehydrating by ∼2% BM (no fluid; NF) during a 70-min ice hockey scrimmage.

The physician-scientist in Canadian psychiatry.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether physician-scientists in psychiatry in Canada are in decline, as was reported for medicine overall during the 1990s in the United States.

Design: Federal databases were searched to study grant applications in the area of mental health submitted by physician-scientists compared with PhD-scientists for the period 1985-2001. A survey of Canadian Residency Training Program Directors was carried out for the graduating class of 2000.

Effects of opioids on the absorption of alcohol.

Administration of opiate agonists and antagonists has been shown to increase and decrease alcohol consumption, respectively. Because opioids can affect gastric emptying and decrease intestinal motility, the present experiments were done to determine whether changes in alcohol consumption following opioid administration might be due to opioid-induced changes in the pharmacokinetics of alcohol. In experiment 1, morphine in doses ranging from 1.

Decreased voluntary ethanol selection in amygdala-kindled rats.

Kindled and control rats were exposed to either ethanol or dextrose solutions in the limited access paradigm, a paradigm that allows access to the test solution for only 1 h each day. Limited access trials were initiated either 24 h or 30 days after the fifth stage 5 seizure had been elicited in the kindled subjects. As previously reported, increased voluntary ethanol selection was observed in the limited access paradigm.

Intracerebroventricular morphine enhances alcohol consumption by rats.

Previous experiments have shown that systemically administered low doses of opioid agonists increase subsequent alcohol consumption by rats. In this experiment, 10 micrograms of morphine were infused intracerebroventricularly (ICV) in free-feeding rats, daily for 6 days, 30 min prior to one-hour access to a 12% alcohol solution. Alcohol consumption was significantly increased in the morphine-treated group compared to that of a saline-treated control group, confirming that the locus of the effect is within the central nervous system.