Background: Kidney transplantation (KTx) is the treatment of choice for children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Objective: An update of 48 years of surgical experience with pediatric KTx (PKTx) is presented, and the results between recipients of organs from deceased donors (DDs) and living donors (LDs) are compared.
Study Design: All patients younger than 18 years who underwent KTx between 1967 and 2015 were evaluated.
We have conceived, built, and operated a cryogenic Penning trap with an electrically conducting yet optically transparent solid electrode. The trap, dedicated to spectroscopy and imaging of confined particles under large solid angles, is of "half-open" design with one open endcap and one closed endcap that mainly consists of a glass window coated with a highly transparent conductive layer. This arrangement allows for the trapping of externally or internally produced particles and yields flexible access for optical excitation and efficient light collection from the trapping region.
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