LEGAL CONFLICTS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE AND METHODS OF THEIR RESOLUTION.

Objective: The aim: A theoretical and applied study of the essence of legal conflicts in the field of medical activity in order to determine the proper system of ways to protect the interests of patients, doctors and other participants in medical legal relations.

Patients And Methods: Materials and methods: Various methods of scientific knowledge make up the methodological basis of research. Thus, the comparative legal method was used to compare the features of the legal regulation of the rights protection of medical legal relations subjects in different countries.

Calcium signaling in excystation of the early diverging eukaryote, Giardia lamblia.

Excystation of Giardia lamblia, which initiates infection, is a poorly understood but dramatic differentiation induced by physiological signals from the host. Our data implicate a central role for calcium homeostasis in excystation. Agents that alter cytosolic Ca(2+) levels (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-tetra(acetyloxymethyl) ester, a Ca(2+) channel blocker, Ca(2+) ionophores, and thapsigargin) strongly inhibit excystation.

Nitric oxide production by human intestinal epithelial cells and competition for arginine as potential determinants of host defense against the lumen-dwelling pathogen Giardia lamblia.

Giardia lamblia infection of the human small intestine is a common protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Although infection is luminal and generally self-limiting, and secretory Abs are thought to be important in host defense, other defense mechanisms probably affect the duration of infection and the severity of symptoms. Because intestinal epithelial cells produce NO, and its stable end products, nitrite and nitrate, are detectable mainly on the apical side, we tested the hypothesis that NO production may constitute a host defense against G.

Differentiation-associated surface antigen variation in the ancient eukaryote Giardia lamblia.

Encystation of Giardia lamblia is required for survival outside the host, whereas excystation initiates infection. The dormant cyst was considered an adaptation to external survival and passage through the stomach. However, we found previously that trophozoites which had recovered after completion of the life cycle had switched their major variant surface protein (VSP), called TSA 417, but neither the timing nor the molecular mechanism of switching had been elucidated.

Cellular and transcriptional changes during excystation of Giardia lamblia in vitro.

Excystation of Giardia lamblia entails differentiation of dormant cysts into parasitic trophozoites. Despite its importance for infection, this transformation is not understood at the cellular or molecular levels. In these studies, we report that excystation entails detection of environmental stimuli across the tough extracellular cyst wall leading to highly coordinated physiological, structural, and molecular responses.