Long-term effects of three different silver sulfide nanomaterials, silver nitrate and bulk silver sulfide on soil microorganisms and plants.

Silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) are released into sewers and consequently find their way to sewage treatment plants (STPs). The AgNMs are transformed en route, mainly into silver sulfide (AgS), which is only sparingly soluble in water and therefore potentially less harmful than the original AgNMs. Here we investigated the toxicity and fate of different sulfidized AgNMs using an exposure scenario involving the application of five different test materials (NM-300K, AgNO, AgS NM-300K, AgS NM and bulk AgS) into a simulated STP for 10 days.

Long-term effects of sulfidized silver nanoparticles in sewage sludge on soil microflora.

The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products such as textiles leads to their discharge into wastewater and consequently to a transfer of the AgNPs to soil ecosystems via biosolids used as fertilizer. In urban wastewater systems (e.g.

Ecotoxicity and fate of a silver nanomaterial in an outdoor lysimeter study.

Sewage sludge is repeatedly applied as fertilizer on farmland due to its high nutrient content. This may lead to a significant increase of silver nanomaterials (AgNM) in soil over years. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the ecotoxicity and fate of AgNM under environmentally relevant conditions in outdoor lysimeters over 25 months.

[Endolaryngeal distance measurement by laser light projection--from the idea to clinical application].

Introduction: In clinical and scientific examinations with rigid and flexible endoscopes quantitative morphometric measurements of intralaryngeal structures have been difficult whereas qualitative laryngoscopic examinations are routine procedures.

Material And Methods: The development of a two-point light projection method for endolaryngeal morphometry in its different phases is described. The way from a first prototype for endolaryngeal morphometry that works with a prism technique to the latest, most modern prototype, which works with a double reflecting mirror is shown.

Laryngeal morphometry with a new laser 'clip on' device.

Background And Objectives: Qualitative laryngoscopic investigations belong to diagnostic routine in laryngology. Nevertheless, quantitative morphometric measurements of intralaryngeal structures have been difficult by now.

Study Design/material And Methods: The development of a two-point-light projection method for endolaryngeal measurements that works with a double reflecting mirror and green laser light is shown.