Development of bladder urothelial hyperplasia and carcinoma in portacaval shunted rats is not dependent upon urolithiasis.

The pathogenesis of bladder tumors is poorly understood, possibly due to the lack of a suitable experimental model that is drug-free. The aim of the present study was to determine whether bladder tumors could be reproduced reliably in portacaval anastomosis (PCS) rats and whether induction is due to urolithiasis from the development of bladder stones. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised with isoflurane.

The role of surgery in the multimodality treatment of bladder cancer.

There has been little change in bladder cancer survival for more than 40 years, although earlier diagnosis is now detecting more cases at an early, potentially curable stage. Radical cystectomy remains the most effective single treatment, although in the past the morbidity and mortality of treatment and the age of patients made it less favoured as primary treatment. Progress in continent bladder reconstruction is changing attitudes.