State Medicaid Coverage and Reimbursement of Adult Vaccines Administered by Physicians and Pharmacists.

Introduction: Effective from October 2023, federal law requires Medicaid programs to cover all recommended adult vaccines administered by physicians with no cost sharing for all eligibility groups. However, uniform coverage does not always translate to optimal uptake. Rather, other factors such as Medicaid reimbursement rates influence vaccine access and ultimately patient uptake.

Patrolling the area, not ousting intruders, relates to reproductive success for territorial male Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus.

We considered the relationship between the benefits and costs of territorial defense in a wild population of the Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus. We defined benefit as the number of eggs deposited on an artificial substratum placed within the defender's territory. Costs included two defensive behaviors.

Convict cichlid parents that stay with the same mate develop unique and consistent divisions of roles.

Previous studies, largely on avian species, have suggested that pairs that are permanently monogamous and have biparental care develop a coordination over time that enhances offspring survival. If this is the case, we predicted that a parent involved in biparental care would develop a pattern of biparental care specific to a particular mate and remain consistent in that pattern over time but would lose this pattern if it were to change mates. We tested this prediction with the convict cichlid fish () which has biparental care that is both complex and flexible.

Serial monogamy benefits both sexes in the biparental convict cichlid.

Monogamy can be either long-term or serial, with new pairs formed with each breeding bout. Costs and benefits are associated with each strategy. Because biparental convict cichlids () typically switch mates, exhibiting serial monogamy, we tested for the costs associated with forcing individuals to remain with the same mate.

Male mate preference and size-assortative mating in convict cichlids: A role for female aggression?

Many monogamous species demonstrate size-assortative mating patterns within natural populations. To better understand the role of intersexual selection in this process, we examined the effect of male preference for female body size in the convict cichlid (Amatitlania siquia). We provided males with a choice between females that differed in size, relative to each other and in relation to the focal male.