Pilot study on lower nitrosamine smokeless tobacco products compared with medicinal nicotine.

Smokeless tobacco (ST) products have the potential to be used as a harm reduction method for cigarette smokers. These products can deliver significantly less toxicants than cigarettes, although they are not toxicant free nor harmless. It is important to examine potential health risks and benefits of these products.

Nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of three potential reduced exposure products, moist snuff and nicotine lozenge.

Objective: To compare nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of three new smokeless tobacco potential reduced exposure products (PREPs; Ariva, Revel and Stonewall) with moist snuff (Copenhagen) and medicinal nicotine (Commit lozenge).

Methods: 10 subjects completed a randomised, within-subject, crossover study. Subjects used one product for 30 min at each of the five laboratory sessions.

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enhances cocaine's developmental toxicity: vascular and CNS effects.

Ischemia and/or reperfusion injury from free radicals may cause cocaine's toxicity, including its effect upon neurobehavioral development. We previously used salicylate to measure hydroxyl free radicals in chick embryos exposed to cocaine. The combination was more toxic than cocaine alone.

Vasoconstriction caused by cocaine is enhanced by sodium salicylate: is inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA related?

We have previously found that sodium salicylate (NaSal), injected into chicken eggs at nontoxic doses used for quantifying hydroxyl free radicals in hearts and brains of embryos, caused or exacerbated hemorrhages and dramatically reduced hatchability when combined with cocaine (Coc). It has also been reported that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression is altered in brain in response to vascular damage and inflammation. In this study we measured diameters of membrane-bound blood vessels (BV) before and after pretreatment with saline (NaCl) or NaSal (100 mg/kg egg), followed by infusion of either NaCl or Coc HCl (total of 67.