Extracellular vesicles induce minimal hepatotoxicity and immunogenicity.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cellular communication through the transfer of active biomolecules, raising interest in using them as biological delivery vehicles for therapeutic drugs. For drug delivery applications, it is important to understand the intrinsic safety and toxicity liabilities of EVs. Nanoparticles, including EVs, typically demonstrate significant accumulation in the liver after systemic administration in vivo.

Eosinophils from eosinophilic oesophagitis patients have T cell suppressive capacity and express FOXP3.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an antigen-driven T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory disease where food and environmental antigens are thought to have a role. Human eosinophils express the immunoregulatory protein galectin-10 and have T cell suppressive capacity similar to regulatory T cells (T ). We hypothesized that one function of eosinophils in EoE might be to regulate the T cell-driven inflammation in the oesophagus.

Eosinophils from hematopoietic stem cell recipients suppress allogeneic T cell proliferation.

Eosinophilia has been associated with less severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that eosinophils diminish allogeneic T cell activation in patients with chronic GVHD. The capacity of eosinophils derived from healthy subjects and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant recipients, with or without chronic GVHD, to reduce allogeneic T cell proliferation was evaluated using a mixed leukocyte reaction.

Rapid increase of interleukin-10 plasma levels after combined auxiliary liver-kidney transplantation in presensitized patients.

Background: After transplantation, donor dendritic cells (DCs) in the grafted organ are activated by an ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory process that induces their migration to the recipient's secondary lymphoid tissues. The subsequent interaction between migrated and mature donor DCs, recipient T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells is proposed to be crucial in directing host immune reactions toward allograft rejection. A liver transplant is less prone to induce rejection compared with most other solid organ transplants, and simultaneous transplantation of liver and kidney is known to improve the clinical outcome of kidney transplantation.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and functional activity in dendritic cells exposed to cholera toxin.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme expressed by dendritic cells (DC), has the potential to inhibit T cell responses and to promote tolerance. In contrast, cholera toxin (CT), the enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, promotes T cell responses, partly through its ability to induce DC maturation and promote antigen presentation. We hypothesized that the adjuvant activity of CT is associated with a lack of induction of IDO in DC.